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	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=11._The_Early_Modern_English_Verbal_Constructions_and_18th_Century_Prescriptivism&amp;diff=33357</id>
		<title>11. The Early Modern English Verbal Constructions and 18th Century Prescriptivism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=11._The_Early_Modern_English_Verbal_Constructions_and_18th_Century_Prescriptivism&amp;diff=33357"/>
		<updated>2016-04-24T09:09:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hana.Nemeckova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''2.'''       '''Discuss the reasons, aims and methods of the 18c prescriptivism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
focus on usage and grammar, rather than spelling and vocabulary as in Renaissance &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
social, linguistic, and philosophical reasons''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•'''	social:''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
industrial revolution brought the rise of the middle class and an increase in social mobility&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* in cities the upper classes felt their position is crumbling&lt;br /&gt;
* 	the early grammars were written to help the social elite to maintain the distance &lt;br /&gt;
* 	later written for lower and middle class who wished to rise socially &lt;br /&gt;
* 	both assumed that language mattered and people should be given guidance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''linguistic''': period of linguistic conservatism 	&lt;br /&gt;
o	&lt;br /&gt;
* concern about refining and fixing the language  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	belief that the language has decayed from an earlier, better stage and change is bad  &lt;br /&gt;
•	'''philosophical''': philosophy of reason, Age of Reason  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	language ought to be logical, orderly and symmetrical &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''important grammarians:'''&lt;br /&gt;
 	Johnson, Defoe, Swift, Sheridan and Addison, Noah Webster, Lowth, Priestley &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''aims''':&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''ascertainment''': seen English as uncodified, unsystematised and uncertain in places 	&lt;br /&gt;
*       change endangers the integrity of the language  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	language has been corrupted from the earlier golden age → wish to reverse the harmful changes by refining, purifying and perfecting  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	prevent further changes &lt;br /&gt;
* 	process of ascertainment → ridding of doubts and uncertainties   &lt;br /&gt;
* 	standardize the language, codify the rules and establish a standard of correct usage  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	refine the language, remove supposed defects and common errors &lt;br /&gt;
* 	fix the language permanently in the desired form and prevent further changes &lt;br /&gt;
•	'''academy''': thought the best way to achieve ascertainment &lt;br /&gt;
*       academy to regulate the language as in Italy and France  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	never came to fruition  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	came to realize it is in vain, language will change &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''methods''':&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
no academy, so they have to rely on their own devices – their own authority, authority of the best writers, the model of classical languages, etymology, and reason&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''authority''': prescription often embodied individual´s preconceptions, prejudices and preferences 	&lt;br /&gt;
*       take authority of the best writers and men of letters, but also pointing out faults&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''model of Latin''': they valued synthetic languages 	&lt;br /&gt;
*       analogical use of grammar to Latin &lt;br /&gt;
* 	Latin serves as a model for most 18th C prescriptions concerning case usage&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
•	'''etymology''': etymological meaning of a word possesses a certain authority over the current one &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''reason''': the application of logic resulted in prescriptions and proscriptions:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;	&lt;br /&gt;
*       do not use a double negative&lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not use a double comparative or superlative form&lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not compare incomparables&lt;br /&gt;
* 	use the comparative for two things, superlative for more than two&lt;br /&gt;
* 	place only before the word it modifies &lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not split an infinitive&lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not end a sentence with a preposition&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zdroj: Laurel J. Brinton, Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hana.Nemeckova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=11._The_Early_Modern_English_Verbal_Constructions_and_18th_Century_Prescriptivism&amp;diff=33356</id>
		<title>11. The Early Modern English Verbal Constructions and 18th Century Prescriptivism</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=11._The_Early_Modern_English_Verbal_Constructions_and_18th_Century_Prescriptivism&amp;diff=33356"/>
		<updated>2016-04-24T09:06:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hana.Nemeckova: Založena nová stránka s textem „'''2.'''       '''Discuss the reasons, aims and methods of the 18c prescriptivism.  focus on usage and grammar, rather than spelling and vocabulary as in R…“&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''2.'''       '''Discuss the reasons, aims and methods of the 18c prescriptivism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
focus on usage and grammar, rather than spelling and vocabulary as in Renaissance &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
social, linguistic, and philosophical reasons''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•'''	social:''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
industrial revolution brought the rise of the middle class and an increase in social mobility&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* in cities the upper classes felt their position is crumbling&lt;br /&gt;
* 	the early grammars were written to help the social elite to maintain the distance &lt;br /&gt;
* 	later written for lower and middle class who wished to rise socially &lt;br /&gt;
* 	both assumed that language mattered and people should be given guidance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''linguistic''': period of linguistic conservatism 	&lt;br /&gt;
o	&lt;br /&gt;
* concern about refining and fixing the language  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	belief that the language has decayed from an earlier, better stage and change is bad  &lt;br /&gt;
•	'''philosophical''': philosophy of reason, Age of Reason  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	language ought to be logical, orderly and symmetrical &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''important grammarians:'''&lt;br /&gt;
 	Johnson, Defoe, Swift, Sheridan and Addison, Noah Webster, Lowth, Priestley &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''aims''':&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''ascertainment''': seen English as uncodified, unsystematised and uncertain in places 	&lt;br /&gt;
*       change endangers the integrity of the language  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	language has been corrupted from the earlier golden age → wish to reverse the harmful changes by refining, purifying and perfecting  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	prevent further changes &lt;br /&gt;
* 	process of ascertainment → ridding of doubts and uncertainties   &lt;br /&gt;
* 	standardize the language, codify the rules and establish a standard of correct usage  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	refine the language, remove supposed defects and common errors &lt;br /&gt;
* 	fix the language permanently in the desired form and prevent further changes &lt;br /&gt;
•	'''academy''': thought the best way to achieve ascertainment &lt;br /&gt;
*       academy to regulate the language as in Italy and France  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	never came to fruition  &lt;br /&gt;
* 	came to realize it is in vain, language will change &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''methods''':&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
no academy, so they have to rely on their own devices – their own authority, authority of the best writers, the model of classical languages, etymology, and reason&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''authority''': prescription often embodied individual´s preconceptions, prejudices and preferences 	&lt;br /&gt;
*       take authority of the best writers and men of letters, but also pointing out faults&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''model of Latin''': they valued synthetic languages 	&lt;br /&gt;
*       analogical use of grammar to Latin &lt;br /&gt;
* 	Latin serves as a model for most 18th C prescriptions concerning case usage&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
•	'''etymology''': etymological meaning of a word possesses a certain authority over the current one &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	'''reason''': the application of logic resulted in prescriptions and proscriptions:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;	&lt;br /&gt;
*       do not use a double negative&lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not use a double comparative or superlative form&lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not compare incomparables&lt;br /&gt;
* 	use the comparative for two things, superlative for more than two&lt;br /&gt;
* 	place only before the word it modifies &lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not split an infinitive&lt;br /&gt;
* 	do not end a sentence with a preposition&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hana.Nemeckova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Port%C3%A1l:Anglistika-amerikanistika/HEL_I&amp;diff=33355</id>
		<title>Portál:Anglistika-amerikanistika/HEL I</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Port%C3%A1l:Anglistika-amerikanistika/HEL_I&amp;diff=33355"/>
		<updated>2016-04-24T08:52:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hana.Nemeckova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;*[[1. Studying the History of English]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[3. Causes and Mechanisms of Language Change]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[4. The Indo-European Language Family and Proto-Indo-European]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[5. Germanic and the Development of Old English]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[6. The Words and Sounds of Old English]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[7. The Grammar of Old English]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[8. The Rise of Middle English: Words and Sounds]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[10. The Words, Sounds, and Inflections of Early Modern English]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[11. The Early Modern English Verbal Constructions and 18th Century Prescriptivism]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Etymologies]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
**Archive&lt;br /&gt;
**[[The origins of English]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Old English: Early Germanic Britain]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Praguian Typology of Languages]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Old English: The Viking invasions and their consequences]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Middle English: the non-standard period]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Middle English: the emergence of Standard English]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[The Early Modern English Period]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[The spread of English since the late 16th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[English in Great Britain since 1700]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Sound Change]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Analogy]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hana.Nemeckova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=5._Germanic_and_the_Development_of_Old_English&amp;diff=26426</id>
		<title>5. Germanic and the Development of Old English</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=5._Germanic_and_the_Development_of_Old_English&amp;diff=26426"/>
		<updated>2015-12-07T09:57:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Hana.Nemeckova: Založena nová stránka s textem „'''1. Compare the two contact situations described in this chapter (Celtic &amp;amp; Old English; and Old English &amp;amp; Old Norse, as spoken by the Vikings) and their …“&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1. Compare the two contact situations described in this chapter (Celtic &amp;amp; Old English; and Old English &amp;amp; Old Norse, as spoken by the Vikings) and their effects on the development of English.''''''&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
'''Celtic and Old English''':&lt;br /&gt;
-Anglo-Saxons were occupying, pushed the Celtic speaking people to the borders (Cornwall, Wales), not much of a contact, the text does not really mentions any linguistic consequences, the Celtic influenced Old English very little  borrowed names for rivers, words for dale and high rock (due to their geographical background they didn’t have these words in their own language)&lt;br /&gt;
-the languages didn’t have the same status and the number of speakers  was different &lt;br /&gt;
-the languages were completely different&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Old English and Old Norse''':&lt;br /&gt;
- The languages were similar enough to permit communication (West Germanic – North Germanic) , the Danes assimilated into the society, intermarriages  right conditions for language contact&lt;br /&gt;
-the number of speakers was quite the same, the country was divided &lt;br /&gt;
-They even had Danish kings  the two languages were of the same status &lt;br /&gt;
-over a 1 000 Old Norse words were added to the lexicon of English (lexical as well as grammatical, e.g. they, their,…)&lt;br /&gt;
influenced the grammar as well  diminishing of the word endings&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Hana.Nemeckova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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