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	<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Katerina.Brabcova</id>
	<title>Wikisofia - Příspěvky uživatele [cs]</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-23T22:09:14Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Příspěvky uživatele</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Etymologies&amp;diff=18216</id>
		<title>Etymologies</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Etymologies&amp;diff=18216"/>
		<updated>2015-03-09T19:23:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Brabcova: přidána etymologie slova &amp;quot;warlock&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Harbour ==&lt;br /&gt;
Harbour (BE)/Harbor (AmE)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; &amp;quot;harbour.&amp;quot; OED Online Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web 3 March 2015. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* ME word has been assumed to be taken from Norse, but the phonology points rather to an OE type (might be taken from Norse).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The history shows two lines of phonetic change: &lt;br /&gt;
** her -&amp;gt; her &lt;br /&gt;
** the weakening of the second element to –ber, -bor, -bour &lt;br /&gt;
** The current form “harbour” exhibits both of these changes. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Various spellings – it appears in modern-day form (both BE and AmE) in 17th century &lt;br /&gt;
* Meanings: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
** a.	Shelter, lodging, entertainment: sojourn, abode – as early as mid-12th century (spelled as herbyrȝe)  &lt;br /&gt;
** b.	The “house,” mansion, zodiac (Chaucer) &lt;br /&gt;
** c.	Retreat of wild animals &lt;br /&gt;
** d.	Used figuratively &lt;br /&gt;
** e.	Port (late 13th century) &lt;br /&gt;
** f.	Airship shed/hangar (1909, 1912) &lt;br /&gt;
** g.	A vessel used for mixing ingredients for glass making (19th century) &lt;br /&gt;
** h.	A number of compounds&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harbor}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sinister&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;“sinister” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 3 Mar 2015 &amp;lt;http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/180206?redirectedFrom=sinister#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''forms:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: synystre, synistre, sinistre; syne-, sinester; syny-, syni-, sinister; senestre, sene-, seni-, senyster&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: sinister&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
stress: siˈnister (17th, 18th ct.), ˈsinister&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- from Old French senestre, sinistre or Latin sinister (meaning 'left' or 'left-hand' - the opposite of dexter; the original meaning is present in ModE but mainly archaic/used in Heraldry)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''meanings:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*original meaning: on the left side of the body; lying towards the left hand; situated on the left hand of a shield (Heraldry)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*given with intent to deceive or mislead, esp. so as to create a prejudice against some person; false and dishonest - about information, suggestions, advice, etc. (obsolete - 15th, 16th century)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*prejudicial, adverse, unfavourable, suspicious - about opinions (15th-17th ct.) - e.g. Some evil Suspicion or sinister Thoughts concerning me.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*dishonest, unfair; not straightforward, underhand; dark - about actions, practices (common in 1470-1650)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*corrupt, evil, bad - e.g. He speaks of bad manners and vitious humors and sinister affections,..as envy, contention, contumacy, incontinency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*portending or indicating misfortune or disaster; full of dark or gloomy suggestiveness; inauspicious, unfavourable - about omens (originally denoting omens seen on the left hand, which was regarded as the unlucky side)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*unlucky, unfortunate (common in 1580-1670)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*unfavourable, harmful, prejudicial to a person&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''DEXTEROUS'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/51667?redirectedFrom=dexterous#eid&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Forms: '''dextrous, adj.;''' '''dexterious adj., &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pronunciation: ''' /ˈdɛkstərəs/ /ˈdɛkstrəs/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Etymology:  '''&amp;lt; Latin dexter, dextr- right, handy, dexterous, dextra the right hand + -OUS suffix. If an analogous word had been formed in Latin, it would have been dextrōsus; hence dextrous (compare sinistrous) is the more regular form; but dexterous appears to prevail in 19th cent. prose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''meanings:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Situated on the right side or right-hand; right, as opposed to left; = DEXTER adj. 1, DEXTRAL adj., --&amp;gt; ''Example: '''''1646  ''' SIR T. BROWNE Pseudodoxia Epidemica IV. v. 190   “The dextrous and sinistrous parts of the body.” &lt;br /&gt;
* In a bad sense: ‘Clever’, crafty, cunning. ''Obs. '' &lt;br /&gt;
* Handy, convenient, suitable, fitting. ''Obs.'' &lt;br /&gt;
* Deft or nimble of hand, neat-handed&lt;br /&gt;
* Having mental adroitness or skill; skilful or expert in contrivance or management&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Glamour ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Forms''': ''glamer'', ''glamor, glammar, glamour''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pronunciation''': /ˈɡlæmə(r)/ &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Etymology''': originally coming from Scots as a corrupt form of ''grammar''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meaning''':&lt;br /&gt;
* magic, enchantment, spell (e.g. in the phrase to cast the glamour over sb)&lt;br /&gt;
* a dellusive or alluring charm&lt;br /&gt;
* attractiveness; feminine beauty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Warlock ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pronunciation''': /ˈwɔːlɒk/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Forms''':&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;“warlock.” The Oxford English Dictionary. Available on &amp;lt;www.oed.com&amp;gt; 9 March 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; OE ''wǽrloga, wérloga'' ME ''warlou, werlau, werlaw, warlock, warelocke''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- the form used in PDE appears first in Scots in the 16th century when the ending ''-ck'' was added to mean “a male equivalent of a ''witch''”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;“warlock.” Harper, D. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. Available on &amp;lt;www.etymonline.com&amp;gt; 9 March 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Present-day meaning''':&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; “One in league with the Devil and so possessing occult and evil powers; a sorcerer, wizard.”&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Can be found in'''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;:  &lt;br /&gt;
# ''Judith'' - refers to a wicked person &lt;br /&gt;
# ''Cursor Mundi'' - refers to a damned soul in hell, the Devil, Satan, monstrous creature &lt;br /&gt;
# ''Morte Arthure'' - refers to a traitor &lt;br /&gt;
'''Etymology''':&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; in OE used as a weak masculine noun ''wǽr-loga'' which meant ''a traitor, an enemy, or the evil''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;two lexemes:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''''wǽr''''' (derived from OE adjective ''wǽr'' = &amp;quot;true&amp;quot;) = strong feminine noun meaning &amp;quot;a covenant, the truth, a vow or a solemn promise'','' faith&amp;quot; (as in Slavonic languages - Czech ''víra'') - from Proto-Germanic *''wera''- (cognates: Old High German ''wara ''&amp;quot;truth,&amp;quot; Old Norse ''varar'' &amp;quot;solemn promise, vow&amp;quot;), from PIE *''were-o''- &amp;quot;true, trustworthy&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''''loga''''' = a noun usually used as an agent, derived from OE verb'' léogan'' = &amp;quot;to tell a lie&amp;quot; (of a Germanic origin, also connected with Slavonic languages - ''lhát'')&lt;br /&gt;
=&amp;gt; original primary sense was thus '''an oath-breaker''' but already in OE period, it was often applied to '''the Devil''', due to the language in scriptures, it became to be used for '''magicians''' and''' savage monsters'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Other possible meanings&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* '''fetters, a shackle''': OE waru =&amp;gt; ware = guard + loc = lock; as a verb: to secure with fetters &lt;br /&gt;
* sometimes applied as same as '''charlock''' = field mustard (the plant)&lt;br /&gt;
* might have been originally a Norwegian word meaning '''a pile of stones'''&lt;br /&gt;
* as a verb: '''to bar oneself against a hostile invasion'''&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Brabcova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Harvest&amp;diff=8312</id>
		<title>Harvest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Harvest&amp;diff=8312"/>
		<updated>2014-11-14T14:30:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Brabcova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;HARVEST&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''forms:'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;“harvest.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/84422?rskey=y0xn7w&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OE: ''hærfest, hærfæst, hęrfest'' (masculine)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: ''hervest, hervist, hervyst, herwist'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: ''harvest''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- developed '''from Proto-Germanic''' *''harƀisto-z, -usto-z, harbita''s meaning “corn-crop” in OE&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hoad T.F. &amp;quot;harvest.&amp;quot; The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;www.encyclopedia.com&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- perhaps from the root ''*harƀ-'' (= Latin ''carpĕre'' “to pluck,” “crop)” which has an origin in '''PIE''' *''kerp-'' &amp;quot;to gather, pluck&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:- also in: Sanskrit ''krpana-'' &amp;quot;sword,&amp;quot; ''krpani''  &amp;quot;shears;&amp;quot; Greek ''karpos'' &amp;quot;fruit,&amp;quot; ''karpizomai'' &amp;quot;make &lt;br /&gt;
:harvest of;&amp;quot; Latin ''carpere'' &amp;quot;to cut, divide, pluck&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harper D. “harvest.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=harvest&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- used in: Old Frisian ''herfst'', Middle Dutch and Dutch ''herfst'', Middle Low German ''hervest, hervst'', (Low German ''harvst, harfst''), Old High German ''herbist'' (Middle High German ''herbest'', German ''herbst''), Old Norse (with loss of ''r'' and contraction) ''haust'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''MEANING 1''' (used from the 10th century):&lt;br /&gt;
“The third of the four seasons of the year, the autumn.” &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;“harvest.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/84422?rskey=y0xn7w&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:- passed into meaning 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''MEANING 2''' (used from the 11th century):&lt;br /&gt;
“The season for reaping and gathering in the ripened grain.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;“harvest.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/84422?rskey=y0xn7w&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the 16th century, the word ''autumn'' (meaning “end of summer”) was borrowed from French (originally Latin word) referring to “the time of gathering crops,” while ''harvest'' remained to be used for the action itself&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harper D. “harvest.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=harvest&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:- also in: Compare Italian ''autunno'', Spanish ''otoño'', Portuguese ''outono''&lt;br /&gt;
:- “Unlike the other three seasons, its names across the Indo-European languages leave no &lt;br /&gt;
:evidence that there ever was a common word for it.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harper D. “harvest.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=harvest&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Brabcova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Harvest&amp;diff=8311</id>
		<title>Harvest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Harvest&amp;diff=8311"/>
		<updated>2014-11-14T14:22:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Brabcova: Založena nová stránka s textem „&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;HARVEST&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;  '''forms:'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;“harvest.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/84422?rskey=y0xn…“&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;HARVEST&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''forms:'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;“harvest.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/84422?rskey=y0xn7w&amp;amp;result=1&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OE: ''hærfest, hærfæst, hęrfest'' (masculine)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: ''hervest, hervist, hervyst, herwist'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: ''harvest''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- developed '''from Proto-Germanic''' *''harƀisto-z, -usto-z, harbita''s meaning “corn-crop” in OE&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hoad T.F. &amp;quot;harvest.&amp;quot; The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;www.encyclopedia.com&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- perhaps from the root ''*harƀ-'' (= Latin ''carpĕre'' “to pluck,” “crop)” which has an origin in '''PIE''' *''kerp-'' &amp;quot;to gather, pluck&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:- also in: Sanskrit ''krpana-'' &amp;quot;sword,&amp;quot; ''krpani''  &amp;quot;shears;&amp;quot; Greek ''karpos'' &amp;quot;fruit,&amp;quot; ''karpizomai'' &amp;quot;make &lt;br /&gt;
:harvest of;&amp;quot; Latin ''carpere'' &amp;quot;to cut, divide, pluck&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harper D. “harvest.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 14 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=harvest&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- used in: Old Frisian ''herfst'', Middle Dutch and Dutch ''herfst'', Middle Low German ''hervest, hervst'', (Low German ''harvst, harfst''), Old High German ''herbist'' (Middle High German ''herbest'', German ''herbst''), Old Norse (with loss of ''r'' and contraction) ''haust'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''MEANING 1''' (used from the 10th century):&lt;br /&gt;
“The third of the four seasons of the year, the autumn.” &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;OED.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:- passed into meaning 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''MEANING 2''' (used from the 11th century):&lt;br /&gt;
“The season for reaping and gathering in the ripened grain.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;OED.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the 16th century, the word ''autumn'' (meaning “end of summer”) was borrowed from French (originally Latin word) referring to “the time of gathering crops,” while ''harvest'' remained to be used for the action itself&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harper. 2001.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:- also in: Compare Italian ''autunno'', Spanish ''otoño'', Portuguese ''outono''&lt;br /&gt;
:- “Unlike the other three seasons, its names across the Indo-European languages leave no &lt;br /&gt;
:evidence that there ever was a common word for it.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harper. 2001.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Brabcova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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