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		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18719</id>
		<title>The spread of English since the late 16th century</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18719"/>
		<updated>2015-04-08T13:47:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: /* 4. Give examples of the differentiation of the traditional English dialects and General English. Explain the history of those differences.  */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== '''1. Sum up the social-historical background for the spread of English since 1500'''. ==&lt;br /&gt;
•	English was spoken by about 4 million people (around year 1600) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Revival of learning – Renaissance (European Renaissance: approximately 14th – 17th centuries; The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16th and early 17th Century, and is often referred to as the “Elizabethan Era” or the “Age of Shakespeare”) The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Religious upheaval – Reformation (English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England, by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of Roman Catholic Church)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Beginnings of the commercial Revolution, and a radical capitalistic change as a result &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476 and the East Midland dialect became the literary standard of English. In 1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise &amp;quot;Elementaire&amp;quot; a compromise on spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published his English dictionary. Publishing for the masses became a profitable enterprise, and works in English, as opposed to Latin, became more common. Up to 20,000 books were printed in the following 150 years, ranging from mythic tales and popular stories to poems, phrasebooks, devotional pieces and grammars, and Caxton himself became quite rich from his printing business (among his best sellers were Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” and Thomas Malory’s “Tales of King Arthur”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Black Death came to Europe in 1347, and stayed until about 1700.   What the Black Death began was a severe labour shortage. Most of the ties of feudal bondage fell away.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	While all these important developments were underway, British naval superiority was also growing. In the 16th and 17th Century, international trade expanded immensely, and loanwords were absorbed from the languages of many other countries throughout the world, including those of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French (e.g. bizarre, ballet, sachet, crew, progress) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Italian (e.g. carnival, fiasco, arsenal, casino, miniature)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spanish (e.g. armada, bravado, cork, barricade, cannibal);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persian (e.g. shawl, lemon, caravan, bazaar, tambourine); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Japanese (e.g. tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	  Before the expansion the use of the language as an everyday medium of communication very much depended on the settlement patterns of Saxons. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	  Two rather contrary currents existed: tradition and modernization. Tradition – rural areas. Traditional dialects developed relatively independently of changes in the modernizing part of society. Isolated communities –no contact with other dialects.  Modernisation - publishing sector – formulated something more or less like a particular variety of English. This variety spread in educational contexts, which very often meant in the form of writing. Grammar school were teaching Latin, but the language of instruction was English. Mass reading public – more and more people were in contact with written English (which associated with the standard). As a result of modernisation - koineization, koine (dialect leveling) – a leveling of different dialects, usually as a result of migration, resulting koine. For instance, London English in the late ME was undergoing it.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 The Age of Discovery (1492 – Columbus discovered America). European race of colonies. According to Hakluyt, there were four reasons for the colonization: 1) religious, 2) economic, 3) political, 4) technical-geographic. Permanent English colony in Jamestown (1610) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire#/media/File:The_British_Empire_Anachronous.png&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Britain exported its surplus, usually English-speaking, population (there were some speakers of Gaelic and Welsh as well) to its colonial holdings. In North America - later also in Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand - they were settlers; in the Caribbean -later also in Papua, Queensland, and East Africa- they were plantation owners and overseers; in West Africa - later also in South and Southeast Asia - they were traders. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 The interesting point is that the kind of English which was exported as the language spread was the General English that had become established in the Southeast of England, most especially in London.     &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Urbanization ===&lt;br /&gt;
* brought people  with varying linguistic and cultural backgrounds together&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* both ENL speakers of often very different regional varieties as well as indigenous and immigrant people with non-English language backgrounds.&lt;br /&gt;
* this has resulted in a number of different but closely related standards&lt;br /&gt;
Two rather contrary currents at work in shaping English in the period&lt;br /&gt;
# Tradition&lt;br /&gt;
* sedentary population in the predominantly rural areas&lt;br /&gt;
* traditional dialects: while not unchanging, developed relatively independently of the changes in the modernizing part of society&lt;br /&gt;
* relative lack of cultural&amp;amp; linguistic contact and mixing-&amp;gt; greater stability  and slower change&lt;br /&gt;
2. Modernization&lt;br /&gt;
* newly forming urban communities whose population consisted of people from all the dialect areas of England&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;innovating central areas&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* characterized by contact&lt;br /&gt;
* greater social and linguistic instability-&amp;gt; the emergence of new forms and structural leveling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Spread of literacy ===&lt;br /&gt;
* mass reading public&lt;br /&gt;
* increasing numbers of people came into contact with the kind of written English which is associated with Standard English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Institutions ===&lt;br /&gt;
* such as the State, the Church, schools, publishing sector: selected and promoted a particular variety of English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* this new variety was transmitted most prominently in educational contexts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* extension of the Standard language to more and more domains&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 3. How do you understand Gramley's term General English (do we have similar term for Czech)? In which ways it is useful? ==&lt;br /&gt;
 covers both StE and non-standard GenE X does not refer to traditional dialects or creoles&lt;br /&gt;
* two poles - highly standardized variety used for published writing or formal discourse X colloquial type including a great deal of non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
** these non-standard items may be found across the ENL world and therefore they are similar enough to be easily comprehensible&lt;br /&gt;
*** e.g. third person singular present tense ''don't'', the use of ''ain't ''or multiple negation&lt;br /&gt;
** these two poles share most of their grammar, vocabulary and phonology&lt;br /&gt;
** there is widespread agreement on the vocabulary and the central grammatical categories&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;gt; the local, regional or national varieties are easily comprehensible and not likely to be misunderstood (e.g. despite different pronunciation)&lt;br /&gt;
* for Czech we have similar term - Common Czech (obecná čeština)&lt;br /&gt;
** an interdialect spoken in Bohemia and west Moravia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''4. Give examples of the differentiation of the traditional English dialects and General English. Explain the history of those differences. ''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
* '''Grammatical gender in GenE and in traditional dialects:'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''GenE '''– only remnants of gender marking pronoun system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
– &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;human – non-human distinction&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt; (relative pronouns ''who ''× ''which'')&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
– masculine ''he'', feminine ''she'', neuter ''it'' (+ special cases – feminine reference to cars, boats etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''English West Country dialect'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
– every object – either masculine or feminine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;count versus mass distinction&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
pitcher, tool, book, house, coat, cat, letter = ''he''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
impersonal, abstract – water, snow, air, weather, hay ='' it''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
more recent material – more mixing – ''it'' used in object position,'' he'' retained as a subject&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''when I saw the plough nobody valued '''it''', if '''he''' had been kept dry '''he''' would have been good now''&lt;br /&gt;
* '''The present tense verb inflection {-s}'''&lt;br /&gt;
The use of non-third person {-s}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''GenE '''– restricted to fixed uses, such as:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: ''Says who?'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
B: ''Says I.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
– usage in the '''vernacular''',''' '''once more widespread  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 5. Characterize the spread of English in North America and Australia with regard to the dialectal and social status of the immigrants. ==&lt;br /&gt;
* turbulent situation in 17th century England – suppression of religious dissenters → emigration&lt;br /&gt;
** up to the Civil War: new middle class, better educated than average, familiar with the emerging standard&lt;br /&gt;
** with the outbreak of the Civil War: poorer, less well educated people, uprooted from rural life, became part of the urban proletarian class = less affected by the written standard, but giving up their regional varieties in favour of the new spoken urban varieties (esp. London, to become GenE)&lt;br /&gt;
* North America&lt;br /&gt;
** early settlers were the better-educated separatists and Puritans  that settled in New England, and the genteel classes that were to become planters of Virginia and the Carolinas&lt;br /&gt;
** new waves of immigrants: from London, the Home Counties, the North of England, Scotland, Ulster = largely speakers of non-standard general English&lt;br /&gt;
* Australia&lt;br /&gt;
** officers in charge of the administration – closer to StE&lt;br /&gt;
** transported prisoners – lower classes, non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
* the contact between the various dialects, the different environment, and different native languages English came into contact with caused changes to the language → new local standards developed and spread across the territory (North America, Australia, ...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18718</id>
		<title>The spread of English since the late 16th century</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18718"/>
		<updated>2015-04-08T13:33:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== '''1. Sum up the social-historical background for the spread of English since 1500'''. ==&lt;br /&gt;
•	English was spoken by about 4 million people (around year 1600) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Revival of learning – Renaissance (European Renaissance: approximately 14th – 17th centuries; The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16th and early 17th Century, and is often referred to as the “Elizabethan Era” or the “Age of Shakespeare”) The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Religious upheaval – Reformation (English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England, by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of Roman Catholic Church)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Beginnings of the commercial Revolution, and a radical capitalistic change as a result &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476 and the East Midland dialect became the literary standard of English. In 1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise &amp;quot;Elementaire&amp;quot; a compromise on spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published his English dictionary. Publishing for the masses became a profitable enterprise, and works in English, as opposed to Latin, became more common. Up to 20,000 books were printed in the following 150 years, ranging from mythic tales and popular stories to poems, phrasebooks, devotional pieces and grammars, and Caxton himself became quite rich from his printing business (among his best sellers were Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” and Thomas Malory’s “Tales of King Arthur”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Black Death came to Europe in 1347, and stayed until about 1700.   What the Black Death began was a severe labour shortage. Most of the ties of feudal bondage fell away.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	While all these important developments were underway, British naval superiority was also growing. In the 16th and 17th Century, international trade expanded immensely, and loanwords were absorbed from the languages of many other countries throughout the world, including those of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French (e.g. bizarre, ballet, sachet, crew, progress) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Italian (e.g. carnival, fiasco, arsenal, casino, miniature)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spanish (e.g. armada, bravado, cork, barricade, cannibal);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persian (e.g. shawl, lemon, caravan, bazaar, tambourine); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Japanese (e.g. tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	  Before the expansion the use of the language as an everyday medium of communication very much depended on the settlement patterns of Saxons. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	  Two rather contrary currents existed: tradition and modernization. Tradition – rural areas. Traditional dialects developed relatively independently of changes in the modernizing part of society. Isolated communities –no contact with other dialects.  Modernisation - publishing sector – formulated something more or less like a particular variety of English. This variety spread in educational contexts, which very often meant in the form of writing. Grammar school were teaching Latin, but the language of instruction was English. Mass reading public – more and more people were in contact with written English (which associated with the standard). As a result of modernisation - koineization, koine (dialect leveling) – a leveling of different dialects, usually as a result of migration, resulting koine. For instance, London English in the late ME was undergoing it.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 The Age of Discovery (1492 – Columbus discovered America). European race of colonies. According to Hakluyt, there were four reasons for the colonization: 1) religious, 2) economic, 3) political, 4) technical-geographic. Permanent English colony in Jamestown (1610) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire#/media/File:The_British_Empire_Anachronous.png&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Britain exported its surplus, usually English-speaking, population (there were some speakers of Gaelic and Welsh as well) to its colonial holdings. In North America - later also in Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand - they were settlers; in the Caribbean -later also in Papua, Queensland, and East Africa- they were plantation owners and overseers; in West Africa - later also in South and Southeast Asia - they were traders. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 The interesting point is that the kind of English which was exported as the language spread was the General English that had become established in the Southeast of England, most especially in London.     &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Urbanization ===&lt;br /&gt;
* brought people  with varying linguistic and cultural backgrounds together&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* both ENL speakers of often very different regional varieties as well as indigenous and immigrant people with non-English language backgrounds.&lt;br /&gt;
* this has resulted in a number of different but closely related standards&lt;br /&gt;
Two rather contrary currents at work in shaping English in the period&lt;br /&gt;
# Tradition&lt;br /&gt;
* sedentary population in the predominantly rural areas&lt;br /&gt;
* traditional dialects: while not unchanging, developed relatively independently of the changes in the modernizing part of society&lt;br /&gt;
* relative lack of cultural&amp;amp; linguistic contact and mixing-&amp;gt; greater stability  and slower change&lt;br /&gt;
2. Modernization&lt;br /&gt;
* newly forming urban communities whose population consisted of people from all the dialect areas of England&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;innovating central areas&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* characterized by contact&lt;br /&gt;
* greater social and linguistic instability-&amp;gt; the emergence of new forms and structural leveling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Spread of literacy ===&lt;br /&gt;
* mass reading public&lt;br /&gt;
* increasing numbers of people came into contact with the kind of written English which is associated with Standard English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Institutions ===&lt;br /&gt;
* such as the State, the Church, schools, publishing sector: selected and promoted a particular variety of English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* this new variety was transmitted most prominently in educational contexts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* extension of the Standard language to more and more domains&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 3. How do you understand Gramley's term General English (do we have similar term for Czech)? In which ways it is useful? ==&lt;br /&gt;
 covers both StE and non-standard GenE X does not refer to traditional dialects or creoles&lt;br /&gt;
* two poles - highly standardized variety used for published writing or formal discourse X colloquial type including a great deal of non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
** these non-standard items may be found across the ENL world and therefore they are similar enough to be easily comprehensible&lt;br /&gt;
*** e.g. third person singular present tense ''don't'', the use of ''ain't ''or multiple negation&lt;br /&gt;
** these two poles share most of their grammar, vocabulary and phonology&lt;br /&gt;
** there is widespread agreement on the vocabulary and the central grammatical categories&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;gt; the local, regional or national varieties are easily comprehensible and not likely to be misunderstood (e.g. despite different pronunciation)&lt;br /&gt;
* for Czech we have similar term - Common Czech (obecná čeština)&lt;br /&gt;
** an interdialect spoken in Bohemia and west Moravia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''4. Give examples of the differentiation of the traditional English dialects and General English. Explain the history of those differences. ''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
* '''Grammatical gender in GenE and in traditional dialects:'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''GenE '''– only remnants of gender marking pronoun system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
– human – non-human distinction (relative pronouns who×which)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
– masculine he, feminine she, neuter it +special cases – feminine reference to cars, boats etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''English West Country dialect'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
– every object – either masculine or feminine&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
pitcher, tool, book, house, coat, cat, letter = he&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
it – impersonal, abstract – water, snow, air, weather, hay etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
count versus mass distinction&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
more recent material – more mixing – it used in object position, he retained as a subject&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
when I saw the plough nobody valued it, if he had been kept dry he would have been good now&lt;br /&gt;
* '''The present tense verb inflection {-s}'''&lt;br /&gt;
The use of non-third person {-s}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GenE – restricted to fixed uses, such as A: Says who? B: Says I.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This usage – once more widespread &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 5. Characterize the spread of English in North America and Australia with regard to the dialectal and social status of the immigrants. ==&lt;br /&gt;
* turbulent situation in 17th century England – suppression of religious dissenters → emigration&lt;br /&gt;
** up to the Civil War: new middle class, better educated than average, familiar with the emerging standard&lt;br /&gt;
** with the outbreak of the Civil War: poorer, less well educated people, uprooted from rural life, became part of the urban proletarian class = less affected by the written standard, but giving up their regional varieties in favour of the new spoken urban varieties (esp. London, to become GenE)&lt;br /&gt;
* North America&lt;br /&gt;
** early settlers were the better-educated separatists and Puritans  that settled in New England, and the genteel classes that were to become planters of Virginia and the Carolinas&lt;br /&gt;
** new waves of immigrants: from London, the Home Counties, the North of England, Scotland, Ulster = largely speakers of non-standard general English&lt;br /&gt;
* Australia&lt;br /&gt;
** officers in charge of the administration – closer to StE&lt;br /&gt;
** transported prisoners – lower classes, non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
* the contact between the various dialects, the different environment, and different native languages English came into contact with caused changes to the language → new local standards developed and spread across the territory (North America, Australia, ...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11888</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11888"/>
		<updated>2014-12-09T10:08:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* V + /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/)&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More and more unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------late OE (Wessex)-------------------------------------early 14th century (East)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------front---rounded---back---diphthongs--------------front---back---diphthongs''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-------------i/iː------y/yː---------u/uː---------------------------------i/iː-----u/uː------iu--(ui) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-mid-------e/eː------------------o/oː------eo/eːo------------------e/eː----o/oː------ɛu--ɔi &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-mid---------------------------------------------------------------------ɛː-------ɔː------------ɔu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-------------æ/æː-----------------ɑ/ɑː-----æɑ/æːɑ-----------------æ/æː--------------ai--au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11887</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11887"/>
		<updated>2014-12-09T10:08:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* V + /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/)&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More and more unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------late OE (Wessex)-------------------------------------early 14th century (East)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------front---rounded---back---diphthongs--------------front---back---diphthongs''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-------------i/iː------y/yː---------u/uː---------------------------------i/iː-----u/uː------iu--(ui) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-mid-------e/eː------------------o/oː------eo/eːo------------------e/eː----o/oː------ɛu--ɔi &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-mid--------------------------------------------------------------------ɛː-------ɔː------------ɔu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-------------æ/æː-----------------ɑ/ɑː-----æɑ/æːɑ-----------------æ/æː--------------ai--au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11886</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11886"/>
		<updated>2014-12-09T10:03:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* V + /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/)&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More and more unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------late OE (Wessex)-------------------------------------early 14th century (East)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------front---rounded---back---diphthongs--------------front---back---diphthongs''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-------------i/iː------y/yː---------u/uː---------------------------------i/iː-----u/uː------iu--(ui) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-mid-------e/eː------------------o/oː------eo/eːo------------------e/eː----o/oː------ɛu--ɔi &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-mid--------------------------------------------------------------------ɛː-------ɔː------------ɔu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-------------æ/æː-----------------ɑ/ɑː-----æɑ/æːɑ-----------------æ/æː-------------ai--au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11885</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11885"/>
		<updated>2014-12-09T10:03:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* V + /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More and more unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------late OE (Wessex)-------------------------------------early 14th century (East)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------front---rounded---back---diphthongs--------------front---back---diphthongs''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-------------i/iː------y/yː---------u/uː---------------------------------i/iː-----u/uː------iu--(ui) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-mid-------e/eː------------------o/oː------eo/eːo------------------e/eː----o/oː------ɛu--ɔi &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-mid--------------------------------------------------------------------ɛː-------ɔː------------ɔu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-------------æ/æː-----------------ɑ/ɑː-----æɑ/æːɑ-----------------æ/æː-------------ai--au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11883</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11883"/>
		<updated>2014-12-09T10:01:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* V + /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------late OE (Wessex)-------------------------------------early 14th century (East)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------front---rounded---back---diphthongs--------------front---back---diphthongs''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-------------i/iː------y/yː---------u/uː---------------------------------i/iː-----u/uː------iu--(ui) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-mid-------e/eː------------------o/oː------eo/eːo------------------e/eː----o/oː------ɛu--ɔi &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-mid--------------------------------------------------------------------ɛː-------ɔː------------ɔu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-------------æ/æː-----------------ɑ/ɑː-----æɑ/æːɑ-----------------æ/æː-------------ai--au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11880</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11880"/>
		<updated>2014-12-08T20:59:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------late OE (Wessex)-------------------------------------early 14th century (East)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------front---rounded---back---diphthongs--------------front---back---diphthongs''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-------------i/iː------y/yː---------u/uː---------------------------------i/iː-----u/uː------iu--(ui) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-mid-------e/eː------------------o/oː------eo/eːo------------------e/eː----o/oː------ɛu--ɔi &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-mid--------------------------------------------------------------------ɛː-------ɔː------------ɔu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-------------æ/æː-----------------ɑ/ɑː-----æɑ/æːɑ-----------------æ/æː-------------ai--au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11879</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11879"/>
		<updated>2014-12-08T20:55:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------late OE (Wessex)-------------------------------------early 14th century (East)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''------------------front---rounded---back---diphthongs--------------front---back---diphthongs''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-------------i/iː------y/yː---------u/uː---------------------------------i/iː-----u/uː------iu--(ui) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
high-mid-------e/eː------------------o/oː------eo/eːo------------------e/eː----o/oː------ɛu--ɔi &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-mid--------------------------------------------------------------------ɛː-------ɔː------------ɔu &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
low-------------æ/æː-----------------ɑ/ɑː-----æɑ/æːɑ-----------------æ/æː-------------ai--au&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11878</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11878"/>
		<updated>2014-12-08T20:38:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
''                     &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;late OE (Wessex)&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;                       ''early 14th century (East)''&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''                    &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;front   rounded  back  diphthongs&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;      ''front  back   diphthongs''&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;high      i/iː    y/yː     u/uː                  i/iː   u/uː   iu   (ui)&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;high-mid  e/eː             o/oː  eo/eːo          e/eː   o/oː   ɛu   ɔi&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;low-mid                                          ɛː     ɔː          ɔu&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;low       æ/æː             ɑ/ɑː  æɑ/æːɑ          æ/æː          ai   au&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11877</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11877"/>
		<updated>2014-12-08T20:36:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
''  &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;late OE (Wessex)&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;                       ''early 14th century (East)''&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'' &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;front   rounded  back  diphthongs&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;      ''front  back   diphthongs''&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;high      i/iː    y/yː     u/uː                  i/iː   u/uː   iu   (ui)&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;high-mid  e/eː             o/oː  eo/eːo          e/eː   o/oː   ɛu   ɔi&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;low-mid                                          ɛː     ɔː          ɔu&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;low       æ/æː             ɑ/ɑː  æɑ/æːɑ          æ/æː          ai   au &amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11876</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11876"/>
		<updated>2014-12-08T20:31:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system [[in]] the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
''  &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;late OE (Wessex)&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;                       ''early 14th century (East)''&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'' &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;front   rounded  back  diphthongs&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;      ''front  back   diphthongs''&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;high      i/iː    y/yː     u/uː                  i/iː   u/uː   iu   (ui)&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;high-mid  e/eː             o/oː  eo/eːo          e/eː   o/oː   ɛu   ɔi&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;low-mid                                          ɛː     ɔː          ɔu&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;low       æ/æː             ɑ/ɑː  æɑ/æːɑ          æ/æː          ai   au &amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11875</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11875"/>
		<updated>2014-12-08T20:17:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** ''cild'' “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed ''cildru ''“children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** ''mētan'' – ''mētte ''→ “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in ''faren'' “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in ''spere'' “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in'' boren'' “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as ''schwa ''or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11874</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11874"/>
		<updated>2014-12-08T19:12:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Katerina.Strakova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Comment on the loss of /w/ and /h/ in the early ME period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
* postconsonantal '''/w/''' disappeared before backround vowels, e.g. it disappeared in combinations such as /sw-/, which lead to ''so'' (as opposed to ''swā'') or ''sword'' /sɔːd/ ( as opposed to ''sweord''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* the loss of '''/h/''', also known as h dropping, appeared in consonant clusters such as /hr-/, /hn-/ and /hl/ and before consonants as in (''rig'''ht'''''), but it has been mostly retained before vowels. Dropping pre-vocalic /h/ is seen as violating the norms of good English (typical in Cockney ''´ous'' instead of ''house''). ! Initial prevocalic /h/ was not pronounced (and thus was ommited from writing) in loan woards (''houre x oure'' - PDE ''hour''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''5. Explain the principal mechanisms of short vowel lengthening and long vowel shortening in Middle English.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Changes in the vowel system in the ME period:&lt;br /&gt;
* /l, r, n, m/ + voiced consonant → vowel lengthening / diphthongization&lt;br /&gt;
** cild “child” – original /i/ → /iː/ (later → /aı/&lt;br /&gt;
- but did not occur if a third consonant followed cildru “children” - /i/ &lt;br /&gt;
* ē before double consonants → shortened&lt;br /&gt;
** mētan – mētte → “meet” – “met” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Open syllable lengthening - general lengthening of vowels in open syllables (especially in the South)&lt;br /&gt;
** /a/ as in faren “fare” → /ɑː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɛ/ as in spere “spear” → /ɛː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
** /ɔ/ as in boren “borne” → /ɔː/ in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
consequence – today phonologically short vowels - /ɪ, e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/ do not occur in open syllables&lt;br /&gt;
* More unstressed vowels – realized as schwa or lost in final position&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Katerina.Strakova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>