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		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18713</id>
		<title>The spread of English since the late 16th century</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18713"/>
		<updated>2015-04-08T08:13:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== '''1. Sum up the social-historical background for the spread of English since 1500'''. ==&lt;br /&gt;
•	English was spoken by about 4 million people (around year 1600) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Revival of learning – Renaissance (European Renaissance: approximately 14th – 17th centuries; The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16th and early 17th Century, and is often referred to as the “Elizabethan Era” or the “Age of Shakespeare”) The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Religious upheaval – Reformation (English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England, by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of Roman Catholic Church)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Beginnings of the commercial Revolution, and a radical capitalistic change as a result &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476 and the East Midland dialect became the literary standard of English &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	In 1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise &amp;quot;Elementaire&amp;quot; a compromise on spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published his English dictionary. Publishing for the masses became a profitable enterprise, and works in English, as opposed to Latin, became more common. Up to 20,000 books were printed in the following 150 years, ranging from mythic tales and popular stories to poems, phrasebooks, devotional pieces and grammars, and Caxton himself became quite rich from his printing business (among his best sellers were Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” and Thomas Malory’s “Tales of King Arthur”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Black Death came to Europe in 1347, and stayed until about 1700.   What the Black Death began was a severe labour shortage. Most of the ties of feudal bondage fell away.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	While all these important developments were underway, British naval superiority was also growing. In the 16th and 17th Century, international trade expanded immensely, and loanwords were absorbed from the languages of many other countries throughout the world, including those of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French (e.g. bizarre, ballet, sachet, crew, progress) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Italian (e.g. carnival, fiasco, arsenal, casino, miniature)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spanish (e.g. armada, bravado, cork, barricade, cannibal);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persian (e.g. shawl, lemon, caravan, bazaar, tambourine); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Japanese (e.g. tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 	The Age of Discovery (1492 – Columbus discovered America). European race of colonies. According to Hakluyt, there were four reasons for the colonization: 1) religious, 2) economic, 3) political, 4) technical-geographic. Permanent English colony in Jamestown (1610) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Urbanization ===&lt;br /&gt;
* brought people  with varying linguistic and cultural backgrounds together&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* both ENL speakers of often very different regional varieties as well as indigenous and immigrant people with non-English language backgrounds.&lt;br /&gt;
* this has resulted in a number of different but closely related standards&lt;br /&gt;
Two rather contrary currents at work in shaping English in the period&lt;br /&gt;
# Tradition&lt;br /&gt;
* sedentary population in the predominantly rural areas&lt;br /&gt;
* traditional dialects: while not unchanging, developed relatively independently of the changes in the modernizing part of society&lt;br /&gt;
* relative lack of cultural&amp;amp; linguistic contact and mixing-&amp;gt; greater stability  and slower change&lt;br /&gt;
2. Modernization&lt;br /&gt;
* newly forming urban communities whose population consisted of people from all the dialect areas of England&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;innovating central areas&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* characterized by contact&lt;br /&gt;
* greater social and linguistic instability-&amp;gt; the emergence of new forms and structural leveling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Spread of literacy ===&lt;br /&gt;
* mass reading public&lt;br /&gt;
* increasing numbers of people came into contact with the kind of written English which is associated with Standard English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Institutions ===&lt;br /&gt;
* such as the State, the Church, schools, publishing sector: selected and promoted a particular variety of English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* this new variety was transmitted most prominently in educational contexts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* extension of the Standard language to more and more domains&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 3. How do you understand Gramley's term General English (do we have similar term for Czech)? In which ways it is useful? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* covers both StE and non-standard GenE X does not refer to traditional dialects or creoles&lt;br /&gt;
* two poles - highly standardized variety used for published writing or formal discourse X colloquial type including a great deal of non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
** these non-standard items may be found across the ENL world and therefore they are similar enough to be easily comprehensible&lt;br /&gt;
*** e.g. third person singular present tense ''don't'', the use of ''ain't ''or multiple negation&lt;br /&gt;
** these two poles share most of their grammar, vocabulary and phonology&lt;br /&gt;
** there is widespread agreement on the vocabulary and the central grammatical categories&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;gt; the local, regional or national varieties are easily comprehensible and not likely to be misunderstood (e.g. despite different pronunciation)&lt;br /&gt;
* for Czech we have similar term - Common Czech (obecná čeština)&lt;br /&gt;
** an interdialect spoken in Bohemia and west Moravia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 5. Characterize the spread of English in North America and Australia with regard to the dialectal and social status of the immigrants. ==&lt;br /&gt;
* turbulent situation in 17th century England – suppression of religious dissenters → emigration&lt;br /&gt;
** up to the Civil War: new middle class, better educated than average, familiar with the emerging standard&lt;br /&gt;
** with the outbreak of the Civil War: poorer, less well educated people, uprooted from rural life, became part of the urban proletarian class = less affected by the written standard, but giving up their regional varieties in favour of the new spoken urban varieties (esp. London, to become GenE)&lt;br /&gt;
* North America&lt;br /&gt;
** early settlers were the better-educated separatists and Puritans  that settled in New England, and the genteel classes that were to become planters of Virginia and the Carolinas&lt;br /&gt;
** new waves of immigrants: from London, the Home Counties, the North of England, Scotland, Ulster = largely speakers of non-standard general English&lt;br /&gt;
* Australia&lt;br /&gt;
** officers in charge of the administration – closer to StE&lt;br /&gt;
** transported prisoners – lower classes, non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
* the contact between the various dialects, the different environment, and different native languages English came into contact with caused changes to the language → new local standards developed and spread across the territory (North America, Australia, ...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18712</id>
		<title>The spread of English since the late 16th century</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18712"/>
		<updated>2015-04-08T08:11:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== '''1. Sum up the social-historical background for the spread of English since 1500'''. ==&lt;br /&gt;
•	English was spoken by about 4 million people (around year 1600) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Revival of learning – Renaissance (European Renaissance: approximately 14th – 17th centuries; The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16th and early 17th Century, and is often referred to as the “Elizabethan Era” or the “Age of Shakespeare”) The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Religious upheaval – Reformation (English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England, by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of Roman Catholic Church)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Beginnings of the commercial Revolution, and a radical capitalistic change as a result &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476 and the East Midland dialect became the literary standard of English &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	In 1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise &amp;quot;Elementaire&amp;quot; a compromise on spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published his English dictionary. Publishing for the masses became a profitable enterprise, and works in English, as opposed to Latin, became more common. Up to 20,000 books were printed in the following 150 years, ranging from mythic tales and popular stories to poems, phrasebooks, devotional pieces and grammars, and Caxton himself became quite rich from his printing business (among his best sellers were Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” and Thomas Malory’s “Tales of King Arthur”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Black Death came to Europe in 1347, and stayed until about 1700.   What the Black Death began was a severe labour shortage. Most of the ties of feudal bondage fell away.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	While all these important developments were underway, British naval superiority was also growing. In the 16th and 17th Century, international trade expanded immensely, and loanwords were absorbed from the languages of many other countries throughout the world, including those of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French (e.g. bizarre, ballet, sachet, crew, progress) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Italian (e.g. carnival, fiasco, arsenal, casino, miniature)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spanish (e.g. armada, bravado, cork, barricade, cannibal);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persian (e.g. shawl, lemon, caravan, bazaar, tambourine); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Japanese (e.g. tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 	The Age of Discovery (1492 – Columbus discovered America). European race of colonies. According to Hakluyt, there were four reasons for the colonization: 1) religious, 2) economic, 3) political, 4) technical-geographic. Permanent English colony in Jamestown (1610) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Urbanization ===&lt;br /&gt;
* brought people  with varying linguistic and cultural backgrounds together&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* both ENL speakers of often very different regional varieties as well as indigenous and immigrant people with non-English language backgrounds.&lt;br /&gt;
* this has resulted in a number of different but closely related standards&lt;br /&gt;
Two rather contrary currents at work in shaping English in the period&lt;br /&gt;
# Tradition&lt;br /&gt;
* sedentary population in the predominantly rural areas&lt;br /&gt;
* traditional dialects: while not unchanging, developed relatively independently of the changes in the modernizing part of society&lt;br /&gt;
* relative lack of cultural&amp;amp; linguistic contact and mixing-&amp;gt; greater stability  and slower change&lt;br /&gt;
2. Modernization&lt;br /&gt;
* newly forming urban communities whose population consisted of people from all the dialect areas of England&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;innovating central areas&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* characterized by contact&lt;br /&gt;
* greater social and linguistic instability-&amp;gt; the emergence of new forms and structural leveling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spread of literacy ==&lt;br /&gt;
* mass reading public&lt;br /&gt;
* increasing numbers of people came into contact with the kind of written English which is associated with Standard English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Institutions ==&lt;br /&gt;
* such as the State, the Church, schools, publishing sector: selected and promoted a particular variety of English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* this new variety was transmitted most prominently in educational contexts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* extension of the Standard language to more and more domains&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 3. How do you understand Gramley's term General English (do we have similar term for Czech)? In which ways it is useful? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* covers both StE and non-standard GenE X does not refer to traditional dialects or creoles&lt;br /&gt;
* two poles - highly standardized variety used for published writing or formal discourse X colloquial type including a great deal of non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
** these non-standard items may be found across the ENL world and therefore they are similar enough to be easily comprehensible&lt;br /&gt;
*** e.g. third person singular present tense ''don't'', the use of ''ain't ''or multiple negation&lt;br /&gt;
** these two poles share most of their grammar, vocabulary and phonology&lt;br /&gt;
** there is widespread agreement on the vocabulary and the central grammatical categories&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;gt; the local, regional or national varieties are easily comprehensible and not likely to be misunderstood (e.g. despite different pronunciation)&lt;br /&gt;
* for Czech we have similar term - Common Czech (obecná čeština)&lt;br /&gt;
** an interdialect spoken in Bohemia and west Moravia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 5. Characterize the spread of English in North America and Australia with regard to the dialectal and social status of the immigrants. ==&lt;br /&gt;
* turbulent situation in 17th century England – suppression of religious dissenters → emigration&lt;br /&gt;
** up to the Civil War: new middle class, better educated than average, familiar with the emerging standard&lt;br /&gt;
** with the outbreak of the Civil War: poorer, less well educated people, uprooted from rural life, became part of the urban proletarian class = less affected by the written standard, but giving up their regional varieties in favour of the new spoken urban varieties (esp. London, to become GenE)&lt;br /&gt;
* North America&lt;br /&gt;
** early settlers were the better-educated separatists and Puritans  that settled in New England, and the genteel classes that were to become planters of Virginia and the Carolinas&lt;br /&gt;
** new waves of immigrants: from London, the Home Counties, the North of England, Scotland, Ulster = largely speakers of non-standard general English&lt;br /&gt;
* Australia&lt;br /&gt;
** officers in charge of the administration – closer to StE&lt;br /&gt;
** transported prisoners – lower classes, non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
* the contact between the various dialects, the different environment, and different native languages English came into contact with caused changes to the language → new local standards developed and spread across the territory (North America, Australia, ...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18711</id>
		<title>The spread of English since the late 16th century</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18711"/>
		<updated>2015-04-08T08:10:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== '''1. Sum up the social-historical background for the spread of English since 1500'''. ==&lt;br /&gt;
•	English was spoken by about 4 million people (around year 1600) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Revival of learning – Renaissance (European Renaissance: approximately 14th – 17th centuries; The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16th and early 17th Century, and is often referred to as the “Elizabethan Era” or the “Age of Shakespeare”) The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Religious upheaval – Reformation (English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England, by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of Roman Catholic Church)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Beginnings of the commercial Revolution, and a radical capitalistic change as a result &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476 and the East Midland dialect became the literary standard of English &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	In 1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise &amp;quot;Elementaire&amp;quot; a compromise on spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published his English dictionary. Publishing for the masses became a profitable enterprise, and works in English, as opposed to Latin, became more common. Up to 20,000 books were printed in the following 150 years, ranging from mythic tales and popular stories to poems, phrasebooks, devotional pieces and grammars, and Caxton himself became quite rich from his printing business (among his best sellers were Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” and Thomas Malory’s “Tales of King Arthur”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Black Death came to Europe in 1347, and stayed until about 1700.   What the Black Death began was a severe labour shortage. Most of the ties of feudal bondage fell away.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	While all these important developments were underway, British naval superiority was also growing. In the 16th and 17th Century, international trade expanded immensely, and loanwords were absorbed from the languages of many other countries throughout the world, including those of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French (e.g. bizarre, ballet, sachet, crew, progress) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Italian (e.g. carnival, fiasco, arsenal, casino, miniature)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spanish (e.g. armada, bravado, cork, barricade, cannibal);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persian (e.g. shawl, lemon, caravan, bazaar, tambourine); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Japanese (e.g. tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 	The Age of Discovery (1492 – Columbus discovered America). European race of colonies. According to Hakluyt, there were four reasons for the colonization: 1) religious, 2) economic, 3) political, 4) technical-geographic. Permanent English colony in Jamestown (1610) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Urbanization ===&lt;br /&gt;
* brought people  with varying linguistic and cultural backgrounds together&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* both ENL speakers of often very different regional varieties as well as indigenous and immigrant people with non-English language backgrounds.&lt;br /&gt;
* this has resulted in a number of different but closely related standards&lt;br /&gt;
Two rather contrary currents at work in shaping English in the period&lt;br /&gt;
# Tradition&lt;br /&gt;
* sedentary population in the predominantly rural areas&lt;br /&gt;
* traditional dialects: while not unchanging, developed relatively independently of the changes in the modernizing part of society&lt;br /&gt;
* relative lack of cultural&amp;amp; linguistic contact and mixing-&amp;gt; greater stability  and slower change&lt;br /&gt;
2. Modernization&lt;br /&gt;
* newly forming urban communities whose population consisted of people from all the dialect areas of England&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;innovating central areas&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* characterized by contact&lt;br /&gt;
* greater social and linguistic instability-&amp;gt; the emergence of new forms and structural leveling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Spread of literacy ==&lt;br /&gt;
* mass reading public&lt;br /&gt;
* increasing numbers of people came into contact with the kind of written English which is associated with Standard English&lt;br /&gt;
Institutions such as the State, the Church, schools, publishing sector: selected and promoted a particular variety of English&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
this new variety was transmitted most prominently in educational contexts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
extension of the Standard language to more and more domains&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 3. How do you understand Gramley's term General English (do we have similar term for Czech)? In which ways it is useful? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* covers both StE and non-standard GenE X does not refer to traditional dialects or creoles&lt;br /&gt;
* two poles - highly standardized variety used for published writing or formal discourse X colloquial type including a great deal of non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
** these non-standard items may be found across the ENL world and therefore they are similar enough to be easily comprehensible&lt;br /&gt;
*** e.g. third person singular present tense ''don't'', the use of ''ain't ''or multiple negation&lt;br /&gt;
** these two poles share most of their grammar, vocabulary and phonology&lt;br /&gt;
** there is widespread agreement on the vocabulary and the central grammatical categories&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;gt; the local, regional or national varieties are easily comprehensible and not likely to be misunderstood (e.g. despite different pronunciation)&lt;br /&gt;
* for Czech we have similar term - Common Czech (obecná čeština)&lt;br /&gt;
** an interdialect spoken in Bohemia and west Moravia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 5. Characterize the spread of English in North America and Australia with regard to the dialectal and social status of the immigrants. ==&lt;br /&gt;
* turbulent situation in 17th century England – suppression of religious dissenters → emigration&lt;br /&gt;
** up to the Civil War: new middle class, better educated than average, familiar with the emerging standard&lt;br /&gt;
** with the outbreak of the Civil War: poorer, less well educated people, uprooted from rural life, became part of the urban proletarian class = less affected by the written standard, but giving up their regional varieties in favour of the new spoken urban varieties (esp. London, to become GenE)&lt;br /&gt;
* North America&lt;br /&gt;
** early settlers were the better-educated separatists and Puritans  that settled in New England, and the genteel classes that were to become planters of Virginia and the Carolinas&lt;br /&gt;
** new waves of immigrants: from London, the Home Counties, the North of England, Scotland, Ulster = largely speakers of non-standard general English&lt;br /&gt;
* Australia&lt;br /&gt;
** officers in charge of the administration – closer to StE&lt;br /&gt;
** transported prisoners – lower classes, non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
* the contact between the various dialects, the different environment, and different native languages English came into contact with caused changes to the language → new local standards developed and spread across the territory (North America, Australia, ...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18710</id>
		<title>The spread of English since the late 16th century</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18710"/>
		<updated>2015-04-08T07:51:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== '''1. Sum up the social-historical background for the spread of English since 1500'''. ==&lt;br /&gt;
•	English was spoken by about 4 million people (around year 1600) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Revival of learning – Renaissance (European Renaissance: approximately 14th – 17th centuries; The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16th and early 17th Century, and is often referred to as the “Elizabethan Era” or the “Age of Shakespeare”) The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Religious upheaval – Reformation (English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England, by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of Roman Catholic Church)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Beginnings of the commercial Revolution, and a radical capitalistic change as a result &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476 and the East Midland dialect became the literary standard of English &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	In 1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise &amp;quot;Elementaire&amp;quot; a compromise on spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published his English dictionary. Publishing for the masses became a profitable enterprise, and works in English, as opposed to Latin, became more common. Up to 20,000 books were printed in the following 150 years, ranging from mythic tales and popular stories to poems, phrasebooks, devotional pieces and grammars, and Caxton himself became quite rich from his printing business (among his best sellers were Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” and Thomas Malory’s “Tales of King Arthur”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Black Death came to Europe in 1347, and stayed until about 1700.   What the Black Death began was a severe labour shortage. Most of the ties of feudal bondage fell away.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	While all these important developments were underway, British naval superiority was also growing. In the 16th and 17th Century, international trade expanded immensely, and loanwords were absorbed from the languages of many other countries throughout the world, including those of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French (e.g. bizarre, ballet, sachet, crew, progress) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Italian (e.g. carnival, fiasco, arsenal, casino, miniature)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spanish (e.g. armada, bravado, cork, barricade, cannibal);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persian (e.g. shawl, lemon, caravan, bazaar, tambourine); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Japanese (e.g. tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 	The Age of Discovery (1492 – Columbus discovered America). European race of colonies. According to Hakluyt, there were four reasons for the colonization: 1) religious, 2) economic, 3) political, 4) technical-geographic. Permanent English colony in Jamestown (1610) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 2. How did the process of urbanization affect the dialectal situation in England in this period? What other processes impacted the formation of Standard and General English? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Urbanization ===&lt;br /&gt;
* brought people  with varying linguistic and cultural backgrounds together&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* both ENL speakers of often very different regional varieties as well as indigenous and immigrant people with non-English language backgrounds.&lt;br /&gt;
* this has resulted in a number of different but closely related standards&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 3. How do you understand Gramley's term General English (do we have similar term for Czech)? In which ways it is useful? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* covers both StE and non-standard GenE X does not refer to traditional dialects or creoles&lt;br /&gt;
* two poles - highly standardized variety used for published writing or formal discourse X colloquial type including a great deal of non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
** these non-standard items may be found across the ENL world and therefore they are similar enough to be easily comprehensible&lt;br /&gt;
*** e.g. third person singular present tense ''don't'', the use of ''ain't ''or multiple negation&lt;br /&gt;
** these two poles share most of their grammar, vocabulary and phonology&lt;br /&gt;
** there is widespread agreement on the vocabulary and the central grammatical categories&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;gt; the local, regional or national varieties are easily comprehensible and not likely to be misunderstood (e.g. despite different pronunciation)&lt;br /&gt;
* for Czech we have similar term - Common Czech (obecná čeština)&lt;br /&gt;
** an interdialect spoken in Bohemia and west Moravia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 5. Characterize the spread of English in North America and Australia with regard to the dialectal and social status of the immigrants. ==&lt;br /&gt;
* turbulent situation in 17th century England – suppression of religious dissenters → emigration&lt;br /&gt;
** up to the Civil War: new middle class, better educated than average, familiar with the emerging standard&lt;br /&gt;
** with the outbreak of the Civil War: poorer, less well educated people, uprooted from rural life, became part of the urban proletarian class = less affected by the written standard, but giving up their regional varieties in favour of the new spoken urban varieties (esp. London, to become GenE)&lt;br /&gt;
* North America&lt;br /&gt;
** early settlers were the better-educated separatists and Puritans  that settled in New England, and the genteel classes that were to become planters of Virginia and the Carolinas&lt;br /&gt;
** new waves of immigrants: from London, the Home Counties, the North of England, Scotland, Ulster = largely speakers of non-standard general English&lt;br /&gt;
* Australia&lt;br /&gt;
** officers in charge of the administration – closer to StE&lt;br /&gt;
** transported prisoners – lower classes, non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
* the contact between the various dialects, the different environment, and different native languages English came into contact with caused changes to the language → new local standards developed and spread across the territory (North America, Australia, ...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18709</id>
		<title>The spread of English since the late 16th century</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_spread_of_English_since_the_late_16th_century&amp;diff=18709"/>
		<updated>2015-04-07T21:52:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== '''1. Sum up the social-historical background for the spread of English since 1500'''. ==&lt;br /&gt;
•	English was spoken by about 4 million people (around year 1600) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Revival of learning – Renaissance (European Renaissance: approximately 14th – 17th centuries; The English Renaissance roughly covers the 16th and early 17th Century, and is often referred to as the “Elizabethan Era” or the “Age of Shakespeare”) The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the language. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Religious upheaval – Reformation (English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England, by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of Roman Catholic Church)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Beginnings of the commercial Revolution, and a radical capitalistic change as a result &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476 and the East Midland dialect became the literary standard of English &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	In 1582, Richard Mulcaster proposed in his treatise &amp;quot;Elementaire&amp;quot; a compromise on spelling and by 1623, Henry Cockrum published his English dictionary. Publishing for the masses became a profitable enterprise, and works in English, as opposed to Latin, became more common. Up to 20,000 books were printed in the following 150 years, ranging from mythic tales and popular stories to poems, phrasebooks, devotional pieces and grammars, and Caxton himself became quite rich from his printing business (among his best sellers were Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” and Thomas Malory’s “Tales of King Arthur”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Black Death came to Europe in 1347, and stayed until about 1700.   What the Black Death began was a severe labour shortage. Most of the ties of feudal bondage fell away.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	While all these important developments were underway, British naval superiority was also growing. In the 16th and 17th Century, international trade expanded immensely, and loanwords were absorbed from the languages of many other countries throughout the world, including those of other trading and imperial nations such as Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French (e.g. bizarre, ballet, sachet, crew, progress) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Italian (e.g. carnival, fiasco, arsenal, casino, miniature)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spanish (e.g. armada, bravado, cork, barricade, cannibal);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Persian (e.g. shawl, lemon, caravan, bazaar, tambourine); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Japanese (e.g. tycoon, geisha, karate, samurai); &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	 	The Age of Discovery (1492 – Columbus discovered America). European race of colonies. According to Hakluyt, there were four reasons for the colonization: 1) religious, 2) economic, 3) political, 4) technical-geographic. Permanent English colony in Jamestown (1610) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 3. How do you understand Gramley's term General English (do we have similar term for Czech)? In which ways it is useful? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* covers both StE and non-standard GenE X does not refer to traditional dialects or creoles&lt;br /&gt;
* two poles - highly standardized variety used for published writing or formal discourse X colloquial type including a great deal of non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
** these non-standard items may be found across the ENL world and therefore they are similar enough to be easily comprehensible&lt;br /&gt;
*** e.g. third person singular present tense ''don't'', the use of ''ain't ''or multiple negation&lt;br /&gt;
** these two poles share most of their grammar, vocabulary and phonology&lt;br /&gt;
** there is widespread agreement on the vocabulary and the central grammatical categories&lt;br /&gt;
-&amp;gt; the local, regional or national varieties are easily comprehensible and not likely to be misunderstood (e.g. despite different pronunciation)&lt;br /&gt;
* for Czech we have similar term - Common Czech (obecná čeština)&lt;br /&gt;
** an interdialect spoken in Bohemia and west Moravia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== 5. Characterize the spread of English in North America and Australia with regard to the dialectal and social status of the immigrants. ==&lt;br /&gt;
* turbulent situation in 17th century England – suppression of religious dissenters → emigration&lt;br /&gt;
** up to the Civil War: new middle class, better educated than average, familiar with the emerging standard&lt;br /&gt;
** with the outbreak of the Civil War: poorer, less well educated people, uprooted from rural life, became part of the urban proletarian class = less affected by the written standard, but giving up their regional varieties in favour of the new spoken urban varieties (esp. London, to become GenE)&lt;br /&gt;
* North America&lt;br /&gt;
** early settlers were the better-educated separatists and Puritans  that settled in New England, and the genteel classes that were to become planters of Virginia and the Carolinas&lt;br /&gt;
** new waves of immigrants: from London, the Home Counties, the North of England, Scotland, Ulster = largely speakers of non-standard general English&lt;br /&gt;
* Australia&lt;br /&gt;
** officers in charge of the administration – closer to StE&lt;br /&gt;
** transported prisoners – lower classes, non-standard English&lt;br /&gt;
* the contact between the various dialects, the different environment, and different native languages English came into contact with caused changes to the language → new local standards developed and spread across the territory (North America, Australia, ...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9632</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9632"/>
		<updated>2014-11-26T10:20:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine suffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku &amp;gt; often difficult to say which meaning came first. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9622</id>
		<title>Girl</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9622"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T22:29:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Girl ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: gyrle, garl, geerl, gyrle…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: girl&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin unknown&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Unrecorded OE form *gyrela (the diminutive suffix -el) from Proto-Germanic *gurwilon&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ME word shows the reflex of the attested OE word gyrela (dress, apparel) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from another West Germanic language: Middle Low German: Gör (small child) 16c &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Phonological development&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
The unpalatalized initial consonant (ME) forms could perhaps be explained as the result of the influence of a northern form.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Others suggest an Anglian form with retraction of æ to a before r plus another consonant in a labial environment&amp;gt; i-mutation to æ&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The ME forms suggest that the word is the reflex of an Old English word with y, or at the least of a word whose stem vowel was identified in early ME with the various reflexes (spelt u, i,and e ) of OE y.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Child of either sex; a young person. Now Irish English (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A young or relatively young woman (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A woman of any age (often derogatory)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female child. The counterpart of boy. (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A sweetheart, a girlfriend; a wife. (colloquial) (1513)&lt;br /&gt;
* A prostitute. Recorded earliest in girl of the game, †girl of ease. (1662)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female servant or domestic employee (1688)&lt;br /&gt;
* A black female servant or domestic employee. (derogatory and offensive) (1835)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for cocaine&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
5. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9619</id>
		<title>Girl</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9619"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:57:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Girl ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: gyrle, garl, geerl, gyrle…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: girl&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin unknown&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Unrecorded OE form *gyrela (the diminutive suffix -el) from Proto-Germanic *gurwilon&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ME word shows the reflex of the attested OE word gyrela (dress, apparel) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from another West Germanic language: Middle Low German: Gör (small child) 16c &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Phonological development&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The unpalatalized initial consonant (ME) forms could perhaps be explained as the result of the influence of a northern form.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Others suggest an Anglian form with retraction of æ to a before r plus another consonant in a labial environment&amp;gt; i-mutation to æ&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The ME forms suggest that the word is the reflex of an Old English word with y, or at the least of a word whose stem vowel was identified in early ME with the various reflexes (spelt u, i,and e ) of OE y.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Child of either sex; a young person. Now Irish English (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A young or relatively young woman (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A woman of any age (often derogatory)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female child. The counterpart of boy. (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A sweetheart, a girlfriend; a wife. (colloquial) (1513)&lt;br /&gt;
* A prostitute. Recorded earliest in girl of the game, †girl of ease. (1662)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female servant or domestic employee (1688)&lt;br /&gt;
* A black female servant or domestic employee. (derogatory and offensive) (1835)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for cocaine&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
4. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
5. “girl.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/78475?rskey=oEvGY6&amp;amp;result=1#eid &amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9617</id>
		<title>Girl</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9617"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:54:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Girl ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: gyrle, garl, geerl, gyrle…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: girl&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin unknown&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Unrecorded OE form *gyrela (the diminutive suffix -el) from Proto-Germanic *gurwilon&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ME word shows the reflex of the attested OE word gyrela (dress, apparel) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from another West Germanic language: Middle Low German: Gör (small child) 16c &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Phonological development&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The unpalatalized initial consonant (ME) forms could perhaps be explained as the result of the influence of a northern form.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Others suggest an Anglian form with retraction of æ to a before r plus another consonant in a labial environment&amp;gt; i-mutation to æ&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The ME forms suggest that the word is the reflex of an Old English word with y, or at the least of a word whose stem vowel was identified in early ME with the various reflexes (spelt u, i,and e ) of OE y.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Child of either sex; a young person. Now Irish English (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A young or relatively young woman (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A woman of any age (often derogatory)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female child. The counterpart of boy. (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A sweetheart, a girlfriend; a wife. (colloquial) (1513)&lt;br /&gt;
* A prostitute. Recorded earliest in girl of the game, †girl of ease. (1662)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female servant or domestic employee (1688)&lt;br /&gt;
* A black female servant or domestic employee. (derogatory and offensive) (1835)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for cocaine&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9616</id>
		<title>Girl</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9616"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:54:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Girl ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: gyrle, garl, geerl, gyrle…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: girl&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin unknown&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Unrecorded OE form *gyrela (the diminutive suffix -el) from Proto-Germanic *gurwilon&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 ME word shows the reflex of the attested OE word gyrela (dress, apparel) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from another West Germanic language: Middle Low German: Gör (small child) 16c &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Phonological development&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The unpalatalized initial consonant (ME) forms could perhaps be explained as the result of the influence of a northern form.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Others suggest an Anglian form with retraction of æ to a before r plus another consonant in a labial environment&amp;gt; i-mutation to æ&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The ME forms suggest that the word is the reflex of an Old English word with y, or at the least of a word whose stem vowel was identified in early ME with the various reflexes (spelt u, i,and e ) of OE y.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Child of either sex; a young person. Now Irish English (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A young or relatively young woman (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A woman of any age (often derogatory)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female child. The counterpart of boy. (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A sweetheart, a girlfriend; a wife. (colloquial) (1513)&lt;br /&gt;
* A prostitute. Recorded earliest in girl of the game, †girl of ease. (1662)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female servant or domestic employee (1688)&lt;br /&gt;
* A black female servant or domestic employee. (derogatory and offensive) (1835)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for cocaine&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9615</id>
		<title>Girl</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Girl&amp;diff=9615"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:52:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: Založena nová stránka s textem „== Girl ==&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;  === Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;  ME: gyrle, garl, geerl, gyrle…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; ModE: girl&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; === Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;  Origin unkn…“&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Girl ==&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: gyrle, garl, geerl, gyrle…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: girl&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin unknown&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Unrecorded OE form *gyrela (the diminutive suffix -el) from Proto-Germanic *gurwilon&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 ME word shows the reflex of the attested OE word gyrela (dress, apparel) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from another West Germanic language: Middle Low German: Gör (small child) 16c &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Phonological development&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The unpalatalized initial consonant (ME) forms could perhaps be explained as the result of the influence of a northern form.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Others suggest an Anglian form with retraction of æ to a before r plus another consonant in a labial environment&amp;gt; i-mutation to æ&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The ME forms suggest that the word is the reflex of an Old English word with y, or at the least of a word whose stem vowel was identified in early ME with the various reflexes (spelt u, i,and e ) of OE y.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Child of either sex; a young person. Now Irish English (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A young or relatively young woman (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A woman of any age (often derogatory)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female child. The counterpart of boy. (1375)&lt;br /&gt;
* A sweetheart, a girlfriend; a wife. (colloquial) (1513)&lt;br /&gt;
* A prostitute. Recorded earliest in girl of the game, †girl of ease. (1662)&lt;br /&gt;
* A female servant or domestic employee (1688)&lt;br /&gt;
* A black female servant or domestic employee. (derogatory and offensive) (1835)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for cocaine&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9609</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9609"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:36:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku &amp;gt; often difficult to say which meaning came first. &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9608</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9608"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:35:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9607</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9607"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:33:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9606</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9606"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:33:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9605</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9605"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:32:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Other meanings5 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;7&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9604</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9604"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:31:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Other meanings5 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).6&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.7&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9603</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9603"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:31:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Other meanings5 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings5 ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).6&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.7&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9602</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9602"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:31:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings5 ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).6&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.7&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9601</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9601"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:30:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Original Meaning4 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings5 ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).6&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.7&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9600</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9600"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:30:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Etymology2 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning4===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings5 ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).6&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.7&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9599</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9599"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:29:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Boy */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology2 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning4===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings5 ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).6&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.7&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9598</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9598"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:27:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* Boy */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms1 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology2 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning4===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings5 ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).6&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.7&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9597</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9597"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:25:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
1. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7. Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9596</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9596"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:24:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
#1 “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#2 “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#3 Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#4 “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#5 “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#6 Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#7 Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9595</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9595"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:23:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
# “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# ↑ Harper D. “boy.” Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. etymonline.com. 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=boy&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# “boy.” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 25 Nov. 2014 &amp;lt; http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/22323?rskey=DWqQjC&amp;amp;result=1#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9594</id>
		<title>Boy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Boy&amp;diff=9594"/>
		<updated>2014-11-25T21:18:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Kristina.Valentinyova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Boy ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forms ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: boe, boi, boye…&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: boy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Etymology ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Origin uncertain&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Several theories:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A borrowing from French (in that case pre-conquest name evidence is rejected) &lt;br /&gt;
* Anglo Norman boie (unrecorded shortened variant of emboié) meaning person in chains&lt;br /&gt;
* Plausible explanation of the sense ‘male servant’&lt;br /&gt;
* Or more directly connected  with Anglo-Norman boie (chain)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
An alternative French etymology&lt;br /&gt;
* from Old French boiasse, a variant of Anglo-Nornam baisse (a female servant)&lt;br /&gt;
* the ending –asse  as an equivalent of the feminine siffix –esse &amp;gt; a masculine form boie&lt;br /&gt;
* but there is no evidence of the masculine form in French or a feminine form in English&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Of Germanic origin: native OE word or as a borrowing&lt;br /&gt;
 Words for &amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; double as &amp;quot;servant, attendant&amp;quot; across the Indo-European map.&lt;br /&gt;
 Italian: ragazzo, Middle English knāve, Old Church Slavonic otroku -- and often it is difficult to say which meaning came first.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
=== Original Meaning===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A male servant, slave (1300)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Perhaps attested earlier as a byname or surname: Boia (OE period)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other meanings ===&lt;br /&gt;
* Rascal/ knave/ rogue/ devil (rarely) (1405)&lt;br /&gt;
* A male child or youth; also a son (1440)&lt;br /&gt;
* In pl. shackles, fetters (1485)&lt;br /&gt;
* A non-white slave (1625)&lt;br /&gt;
* A criminal (1834)&lt;br /&gt;
* A junior military rank (1841)&lt;br /&gt;
* As a familiar address to a male dog (That’s my boy!)&lt;br /&gt;
* US slang for heroin&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ModE boy looks like a semantic blend of an onomatopoeic word for an evil spirit (*boi) and a baby word for 'brother' (*bo).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A noticeable number of the modern words for 'boy', 'girl', and 'child' were originally colloquial nicknames, derogatory and commonplace. These, as is natural, are of the most diverse, and in part obscure, origin.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Kristina.Valentinyova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>