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	<title>Wikisofia - Příspěvky uživatele [cs]</title>
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		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Etymologies&amp;diff=24921</id>
		<title>Etymologies</title>
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		<updated>2015-11-21T09:57:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Renata.Bockova: /* Harbour */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Harbour ==&lt;br /&gt;
Harbour (BE)/Harbor (AmE)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; &amp;quot;harbour.&amp;quot; OED Online Oxford University Press, March 2015. Web 3 March 2015. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* ME word has been assumed to be taken from Norse, but the phonology points rather to an OE type (might be taken from Norse).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The history shows two lines of phonetic change: &lt;br /&gt;
** her -&amp;gt; her &lt;br /&gt;
** the weakening of the second element to –ber, -bor, -bour &lt;br /&gt;
** The current form “harbour” exhibits both of these changes. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Various spellings – it appears in modern-day form (both BE and AmE) in 17th century &lt;br /&gt;
* Meanings: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
** a.	Shelter, lodging, entertainment: sojourn, abode – as early as mid-12th century (spelled as herbyrȝe)  &lt;br /&gt;
** b.	The “house,” mansion, zodiac (Chaucer) &lt;br /&gt;
** c.	Retreat of wild animals &lt;br /&gt;
** d.	Used figuratively &lt;br /&gt;
** e.	Port (late 13th century) &lt;br /&gt;
** f.	Airship shed/hangar (1909, 1912) &lt;br /&gt;
** g.	A vessel used for mixing ingredients for glass making (19th century) &lt;br /&gt;
** h.	A number of compounds&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harbor}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sinister&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;“sinister” The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 3 Mar 2015 &amp;lt;http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/180206?redirectedFrom=sinister#eid&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''forms:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ME: synystre, synistre, sinistre; syne-, sinester; syny-, syni-, sinister; senestre, sene-, seni-, senyster&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ModE: sinister&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
stress: siˈnister (17th, 18th ct.), ˈsinister&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- from Old French senestre, sinistre or Latin sinister (meaning 'left' or 'left-hand' - the opposite of dexter; the original meaning is present in ModE but mainly archaic/used in Heraldry)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''meanings:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*original meaning: on the left side of the body; lying towards the left hand; situated on the left hand of a shield (Heraldry)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*given with intent to deceive or mislead, esp. so as to create a prejudice against some person; false and dishonest - about information, suggestions, advice, etc. (obsolete - 15th, 16th century)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*prejudicial, adverse, unfavourable, suspicious - about opinions (15th-17th ct.) - e.g. Some evil Suspicion or sinister Thoughts concerning me.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*dishonest, unfair; not straightforward, underhand; dark - about actions, practices (common in 1470-1650)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*corrupt, evil, bad - e.g. He speaks of bad manners and vitious humors and sinister affections,..as envy, contention, contumacy, incontinency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*portending or indicating misfortune or disaster; full of dark or gloomy suggestiveness; inauspicious, unfavourable - about omens (originally denoting omens seen on the left hand, which was regarded as the unlucky side)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*unlucky, unfortunate (common in 1580-1670)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*unfavourable, harmful, prejudicial to a person&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''DEXTEROUS'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/51667?redirectedFrom=dexterous#eid&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Forms: '''dextrous, adj.;''' '''dexterious adj., &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pronunciation: ''' /ˈdɛkstərəs/ /ˈdɛkstrəs/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Etymology:  '''&amp;lt; Latin dexter, dextr- right, handy, dexterous, dextra the right hand + -OUS suffix. If an analogous word had been formed in Latin, it would have been dextrōsus; hence dextrous (compare sinistrous) is the more regular form; but dexterous appears to prevail in 19th cent. prose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''meanings:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Situated on the right side or right-hand; right, as opposed to left; = DEXTER adj. 1, DEXTRAL adj., --&amp;gt; ''Example: '''''1646  ''' SIR T. BROWNE Pseudodoxia Epidemica IV. v. 190   “The dextrous and sinistrous parts of the body.” &lt;br /&gt;
* In a bad sense: ‘Clever’, crafty, cunning. ''Obs. '' &lt;br /&gt;
* Handy, convenient, suitable, fitting. ''Obs.'' &lt;br /&gt;
* Deft or nimble of hand, neat-handed&lt;br /&gt;
* Having mental adroitness or skill; skilful or expert in contrivance or management&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Glamour ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Forms''': ''glamer'', ''glamor, glammar, glamour''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pronunciation''': /ˈɡlæmə(r)/ &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Etymology''': originally coming from Scots as a corrupt form of ''grammar''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meaning''':&lt;br /&gt;
* magic, enchantment, spell (e.g. in the phrase to cast the glamour over sb)&lt;br /&gt;
* a dellusive or alluring charm&lt;br /&gt;
* attractiveness; feminine beauty&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Warlock ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pronunciation''': /ˈwɔːlɒk/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Forms''':&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;“warlock.” The Oxford English Dictionary. Available on &amp;lt;www.oed.com&amp;gt; 9 March 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; OE ''wǽrloga, wérloga'' ME ''warlou, werlau, werlaw, warlock, warelocke''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- the form used in PDE appears first in Scots in the 16th century when the ending ''-ck'' was added to mean “a male equivalent of a ''witch''”&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;“warlock.” Harper, D. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. Available on &amp;lt;www.etymonline.com&amp;gt; 9 March 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Present-day meaning''':&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; “One in league with the Devil and so possessing occult and evil powers; a sorcerer, wizard.”&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Can be found in'''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;:  &lt;br /&gt;
# ''Judith'' - refers to a wicked person &lt;br /&gt;
# ''Cursor Mundi'' - refers to a damned soul in hell, the Devil, Satan, monstrous creature &lt;br /&gt;
# ''Morte Arthure'' - refers to a traitor &lt;br /&gt;
'''Etymology''':&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; in OE used as a weak masculine noun ''wǽr-loga'' which meant ''a traitor, an enemy, or the evil''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;two lexemes:&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# '''''wǽr''''' (derived from OE adjective ''wǽr'' = &amp;quot;true&amp;quot;) = strong feminine noun meaning &amp;quot;a covenant, the truth, a vow or a solemn promise'','' faith&amp;quot; (as in Slavonic languages - Czech ''víra'') - from Proto-Germanic *''wera''- (cognates: Old High German ''wara ''&amp;quot;truth,&amp;quot; Old Norse ''varar'' &amp;quot;solemn promise, vow&amp;quot;), from PIE *''were-o''- &amp;quot;true, trustworthy&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
# '''''loga''''' = a noun usually used as an agent, derived from OE verb'' léogan'' = &amp;quot;to tell a lie&amp;quot; (of a Germanic origin, also connected with Slavonic languages - ''lhát'')&lt;br /&gt;
=&amp;gt; original primary sense was thus '''an oath-breaker''' but already in OE period, it was often applied to '''the Devil''', due to the language in scriptures, it became to be used for '''magicians''' and''' savage monsters'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Other possible meanings&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* '''fetters, a shackle''': OE waru =&amp;gt; ware = guard + loc = lock; as a verb: to secure with fetters &lt;br /&gt;
* sometimes applied as same as '''charlock''' = field mustard (the plant)&lt;br /&gt;
* might have been originally a Norwegian word meaning '''a pile of stones'''&lt;br /&gt;
* as a verb: '''to bar oneself against a hostile invasion'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Shit ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pronunciation''': /ʃɪt/ &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Etymology''': OE scitta/ scitte, eME schit- (coming from the PIE &amp;quot;skei-&amp;quot; meaning &amp;quot;to cut, split, divide, separate&amp;quot;) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
showing up in written works both as a noun and as a verb as far back as the 14th century&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;shit&amp;quot; Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 10 March 2015&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;shit&amp;quot; ''Online Etymology Dictionary. www.etymonline.com. 10March 2015''&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meanings'''     &lt;br /&gt;
* Excrement from the bowels     &lt;br /&gt;
* One of the most favorite swear words in the English language     &lt;br /&gt;
* An offensive or despicable person     &lt;br /&gt;
* Any of several intoxicating or narcotic drugs, spec. heroin or marijuana.     &lt;br /&gt;
* As a verb the act of defecation, as well as &amp;quot;to lie, to tease&amp;quot;    &lt;br /&gt;
* Appears in a variety of other expression such as Shit-faced, shit list, up shit creek (in trouble)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dungeon ==&lt;br /&gt;
- ME: dongeoun, dongoun, dongon, dongen, dungoun…  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- developed from French ‘donjon’  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- connected with Old French danjon, dangon; late Latin: domnion, domnus (=lord); (-&amp;gt; the Czech word doma)  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Development of the meaning:  &lt;br /&gt;
# the great tower or keep of a castle, situated in the innermost court or bailey (archaic spelling preferred) &lt;br /&gt;
# a strong close cell; a dark subterranean place of confinement  &lt;br /&gt;
# a habitation, mansion (figuratively)  &lt;br /&gt;
# a person of profound learning or wisdom (figuratively) &lt;br /&gt;
# a room or building used for sado-masochistic sexual activity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Barrow'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OED  †1. A mountain, mount, hill, or hillock. (Applied, as the date becomes later, to lower eminences.); in the southwest, forming part of the name of hills, as Cadon Barrow in Cornwall, Trentishoe Barrow in North Devon, Bull Barrow in Dorset;in the north, usually a long low hill, as Barrow near Derwentwater, Whitbarrow in North Lancashire A mound of earth or stones erected in early times over a grave; a grave-mound, a tumulus; so barrow-wightish adj. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A mound or heap. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Etymology:   Common Germanic:  &amp;quot;Vehicle for carrying a load,&amp;quot; c. 1300, barewe,  Probably from an unrecorded Old English *bearwe &amp;quot;basket, barrow,&amp;quot; from beran &amp;quot;to bear, to carry&amp;quot; Old English beorg (cf. Old High German berg, Middle Dutch berch, German, Dutch berg, Gothic *bairgs &amp;lt;  Germanic *bergo-z,  Old Norse berg and bjarg (neuter) ‘rock.’  (Cognate with Old Slavonic brĕgŭ “mountain, height”, Old Irish brigh “mountain”, Sanskrit b'rhant, Avestan barezant “high”&amp;lt; Aryan *bhergh “height”) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In English literature, the word went out of use before 1400, but was preserved, in special senses, in the northern dialect bargh, barf, and south-western barrow; the latter has since been taken back into archeological and general use from the ‘barrows’ of Salisbury Plain, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Vehicle for carrying a load,&amp;quot; c. 1300, barewe,  Probably from an unrecorded Old English *bearwe &amp;quot;basket, barrow,&amp;quot; from beran &amp;quot;to bear, to carry&amp;quot; Revived by modern archaeology (an ancient grave)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''[[Burrow ]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Related: Burrowed; borrowing &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OED A hole or excavation made in the ground for a dwelling-place by rabbits, foxes and the like  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
†A burrowing; any small tubular excavation, or underground passage   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fig. A secluded or small hole-like dwelling-place, or place of retreat; a ‘hole’  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Etymology: Of somewhat obscure origin. The forms are identical with those of the noun borough, of which the word is commonly regarded as a variant; but the sense is not known to have belonged to Old English burh, Old Norse borg, or to the parallel form in any Germanic language. Possibly it may be a special use of borough, stronghold; or else a derivative (unrecorded in Old English and Old Norse) of *burg-   ablaut-stem of Old Germanic *bergan   “to shelter, protect”; cf. bury, buriels   The forms bury, berry may perhaps be connected with bergh “protection, shelter”. Related to † burrow-headed adj. ? given to searching things out, inquisitive, curious ( obs.).    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== References ===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Kategorie: Anglistika-amerikanistika|*]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Renata.Bockova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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