Middle English: the emergence of Standard English: Porovnání verzí

m
m
Řádek 9: Řádek 9:
 
* shift towards you = a sign of respect; sg. you used between equals x who uses though indicates his/her superiority → thou became more of an “insult”, you used more and more as a polite form
 
* shift towards you = a sign of respect; sg. you used between equals x who uses though indicates his/her superiority → thou became more of an “insult”, you used more and more as a polite form
  
==== One ====
+
==== ''One'' ====
 
* emergence in 15th century  
 
* emergence in 15th century  
 
* influenced by French on x on appears only as a subject, while earliest forms of ''one ''were non-nominal case → French probably not that important
 
* influenced by French on x on appears only as a subject, while earliest forms of ''one ''were non-nominal case → French probably not that important
 
* (gradual loss of indefinite ''man ''– similarity to ''man ''“man” and the problems of agreement and anaphoric references → more suitable candidates for indefinite references (you, they, we, people)
 
* (gradual loss of indefinite ''man ''– similarity to ''man ''“man” and the problems of agreement and anaphoric references → more suitable candidates for indefinite references (you, they, we, people)
  
==== Relative pronouns ====
+
==== ''Relative pronouns'' ====
 
* ''þat ''replaced by ''what ''(early ME) and by ''which ''(late ME)
 
* ''þat ''replaced by ''what ''(early ME) and by ''which ''(late ME)
 
* ''that ''as non-restrictive probably began in ME, but were essential in ModE
 
* ''that ''as non-restrictive probably began in ME, but were essential in ModE
  
==== Periphrastic structures ====
+
==== ''Periphrastic structures'' ====
 
* ME was the beginning of widespread phrasal/periphrastic structure
 
* ME was the beginning of widespread phrasal/periphrastic structure
 
* occurred already in OE, but the auxiliary status was hard to determine
 
* occurred already in OE, but the auxiliary status was hard to determine
Řádek 24: Řádek 24:
 
* affected the progressive, the modal auxiliaries in place of the subjunctive and periphrastic do
 
* affected the progressive, the modal auxiliaries in place of the subjunctive and periphrastic do
  
==== Word order ====
+
==== ''Word order'' ====
 
* most prominent change was gradual move from accusative object before verb to accusative object after the verb (by 1500 98% of accusative objects are after verb)
 
* most prominent change was gradual move from accusative object before verb to accusative object after the verb (by 1500 98% of accusative objects are after verb)

Verze z 23. 2. 2015, 16:12

3) Name the innovations of the late ME period in the pronominal system, in the system expressing verbal categories and in the word order.

Pronominal system

You singular

  • started to by used instead of thou
  • due to French influence (upper class and bureaucrats) x sg. vous more consistent
  • sg. you used for pagan deities x thou for Christian God
  • shift towards you = a sign of respect; sg. you used between equals x who uses though indicates his/her superiority → thou became more of an “insult”, you used more and more as a polite form

One

  • emergence in 15th century
  • influenced by French on x on appears only as a subject, while earliest forms of one were non-nominal case → French probably not that important
  • (gradual loss of indefinite man – similarity to man “man” and the problems of agreement and anaphoric references → more suitable candidates for indefinite references (you, they, we, people)

Relative pronouns

  • þat replaced by what (early ME) and by which (late ME)
  • that as non-restrictive probably began in ME, but were essential in ModE

Periphrastic structures

  • ME was the beginning of widespread phrasal/periphrastic structure
  • occurred already in OE, but the auxiliary status was hard to determine
  • two words (auxiliary have and also be combined with past participle) took over the function of a single word with and inflectional ending
  • affected the progressive, the modal auxiliaries in place of the subjunctive and periphrastic do

Word order

  • most prominent change was gradual move from accusative object before verb to accusative object after the verb (by 1500 98% of accusative objects are after verb)