Old English: The Viking invasions and their consequences: Porovnání verzí

Řádek 11: Řádek 11:
 
- primogeniture system
 
- primogeniture system
  
• Nature of the raids = similar like the Anglo-Saxons
+
• Nature of the raids = similar like the Anglo-Saxons'
  
- Raiding, pillaging and burning the coast + returning home with gold, silver, slaves etc.
+
- pillaging and burning of the coast + returning home with gold, silver, slaves etc.
  
 
- Monasteries sacked and manuscripts destroyed in Lindisfarne, Jarrow and Iona (793-795)
 
- Monasteries sacked and manuscripts destroyed in Lindisfarne, Jarrow and Iona (793-795)
Řádek 20: Řádek 20:
 
'''Viking settlement (850+)'''
 
'''Viking settlement (850+)'''
  
• Less raids, more settling - Danish Vikings in large parts of North and East England, Norwegian Vikings in Western Scotland + parts of Ireland
+
• Less raids, more settling - Danish Vikings in large parts of North and East England, Norwegian Vikings in Western Scotland + parts of Ireland => farms established => territorial conflict between inhabitants + newcomers, BUT no forced removal of Celts as the Anglo-Saxons have done
  
They established farms in these areas => territorial conflict between inhabitants + newcomers, BUT no forced removal of Celts as Anglo-Saxons have done
+
West Saxon kings undertook defense against the Danes, ex. Æthelwulf (recorded as a descendant of Seth, the son of biblical Adam) in 854
  
• West Saxon kings undertook defence against the Danes, ex. Æthelwulf (recorded as a descendant of Seth, the son of biblical Adam) in 854
+
• Æthelwulf’s son Alfred the Great of Wessex (initiator of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'') stopped the advance of Danish Vikings at battle of Edington in 878
 
 
• Æthelwulf’s son Alfred the Great of Wessex (initiator of the A-S Chronicle) stopped the advance of Danish Vikings at battle of Edington in 878
 
  
 
• Peace under Treaty of Wedmore:
 
• Peace under Treaty of Wedmore:
Řádek 34: Řádek 32:
 
2) The defeated Danish king of East Anglia Guthrum became Christian  (= step towards assimilation of Viking conquerors)
 
2) The defeated Danish king of East Anglia Guthrum became Christian  (= step towards assimilation of Viking conquerors)
 
   
 
   
• Æthelstan (Alfred’s grandson) helped the West Saxons reconquer territories in Danelaw and then whole England  
+
• Æthelstan (Alfred’s grandson) helped the West Saxons reconquer territories in Danelaw and then in whole England  
  
 
• Settlements of Danes and Anglo-Saxons = relative proximity, similar ways of life, bilingualism
 
• Settlements of Danes and Anglo-Saxons = relative proximity, similar ways of life, bilingualism
Řádek 48: Řádek 46:
 
'''Compare OE borrowings from Latin and ON. '''
 
'''Compare OE borrowings from Latin and ON. '''
  
• Latin borrowings = mainly religious (bishop, Saturday etc)  
+
• Latin borrowings = mainly religious (''bishop, Saturday etc'')  
  
 
• Borrowings/loan words from ON   
 
• Borrowings/loan words from ON   
  
- War + maritime: ransaka “ransack”, dreng “warrior”   
+
- War + maritime: ''ransaka'' “ransack”, ''dreng ''“warrior”   
  
- Legal + administration: laga “law”, hūsting “tribunal”  
+
- Legal + administration:'' laga'' “law”, ''hūsting'' “tribunal”  
  
- Common verbs: get, want, call  
+
- Common verbs: ''get, want, call''
  
- Bodily features: leg, freckles, skin  
+
- Bodily features: ''leg, freckles, skin''
  
- Farm & animal terms: bull, egg, axletree  
+
- Farm & animal terms:'' bull, egg, axletree''
  
- Life: birth, slaughter, die  
+
- Life: ''birth, slaughter, die''
  
- Relations: sister, husband  
+
- Relations: ''sister, husband''
  
• BUT ex. ON taka “take” replaced OE “niman”, but “nim” = “nimble”  
+
• BUT ex. ON ''taka'' “take” replaced OE ''niman'', but “nim” = “nimble” (= stealing in PDE)
  
 
• Most loan words adopted in OE do not appear in writing until ME   
 
• Most loan words adopted in OE do not appear in writing until ME   

Verze z 10. 11. 2014, 14:30

1. Characterize the nature of Viking raids and Viking settlement in England.[1]

Viking raids (787+)

• Reasons for the Vikings leaving their home:

- over-population

- too few natural resources

- primogeniture system

• Nature of the raids = similar like the Anglo-Saxons'

- pillaging and burning of the coast + returning home with gold, silver, slaves etc.

- Monasteries sacked and manuscripts destroyed in Lindisfarne, Jarrow and Iona (793-795)


Viking settlement (850+)

• Less raids, more settling - Danish Vikings in large parts of North and East England, Norwegian Vikings in Western Scotland + parts of Ireland => farms established => territorial conflict between inhabitants + newcomers, BUT no forced removal of Celts as the Anglo-Saxons have done

• West Saxon kings undertook defense against the Danes, ex. Æthelwulf (recorded as a descendant of Seth, the son of biblical Adam) in 854

• Æthelwulf’s son Alfred the Great of Wessex (initiator of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) stopped the advance of Danish Vikings at battle of Edington in 878

• Peace under Treaty of Wedmore:

1) Stable boundary set between kingdom of Wessex and Danelaw (Northumbria, East Mercia & East Anglia)

2) The defeated Danish king of East Anglia Guthrum became Christian (= step towards assimilation of Viking conquerors)

• Æthelstan (Alfred’s grandson) helped the West Saxons reconquer territories in Danelaw and then in whole England

• Settlements of Danes and Anglo-Saxons = relative proximity, similar ways of life, bilingualism

• Eventual renewed attacks by the Danes => establishment of Danish king over all England: Sweyn Forkbeard

- Æthelstan put into exile

- His son Cnut (= king of Denmark and Norway) ended Danish raids, though not Danish claims to the throne

- Official language at court: English, x Danish

Compare OE borrowings from Latin and ON.

• Latin borrowings = mainly religious (bishop, Saturday etc)

• Borrowings/loan words from ON

- War + maritime: ransaka “ransack”, dreng “warrior”

- Legal + administration: laga “law”, hūsting “tribunal”

- Common verbs: get, want, call

- Bodily features: leg, freckles, skin

- Farm & animal terms: bull, egg, axletree

- Life: birth, slaughter, die

- Relations: sister, husband

• BUT ex. ON taka “take” replaced OE niman, but “nim” = “nimble” (= stealing in PDE)

• Most loan words adopted in OE do not appear in writing until ME

- Reason: lack of a literary tradition in Danelaw

4. Summarize the main syntactic changes during this period.[2]

  • Mainly relative pronouns/particles
    • Ϸe (that/who) used in OE for all antecedents regardless of case and number
    • ON contributed to the use of relative particle as that came from Norse som
      • As in the man as came yesterday (more common in northern English dialects)
    • Zero relative appears
      • As in the man I [zero] saw yesterday
      • Was probably used even before the Viking invasions, but even though it is a rare construction it appears both in English and Danish, which is interesting
        • The languages also share “preposition stranding”
          • A construction where the preposition can be moved away from the relative
          • E.g. a construction in which the relative is fronted X a construction which the relative is fronted in
  • Verb phrase
    • In OE complex verb forms (such as the perfect, the progressive, the will-future, auxiliary do) were not common, but they are in ME
      • It is debatable how much was their appearance in ME influenced by ON
      • It might also be caused the disappearance of the West Saxon written standard under the Normans
      • In either case it is also possible that it was influenced by the vernacular during the absence of a unified language form (whether in Danelaw or Norman England)

References

  1. Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, p. 46-52
  2. Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, p. 56