Old English: The Viking invasions and their consequences: Porovnání verzí
Značka: editace z Vizuálního editoru |
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Řádek 11: | Řádek 11: | ||
- primogeniture system | - primogeniture system | ||
− | • Nature of the raids = similar like the Anglo-Saxons | + | • Nature of the raids = similar like the Anglo-Saxons' |
− | - | + | - pillaging and burning of the coast + returning home with gold, silver, slaves etc. |
- Monasteries sacked and manuscripts destroyed in Lindisfarne, Jarrow and Iona (793-795) | - Monasteries sacked and manuscripts destroyed in Lindisfarne, Jarrow and Iona (793-795) | ||
Řádek 20: | Řádek 20: | ||
'''Viking settlement (850+)''' | '''Viking settlement (850+)''' | ||
− | • Less raids, more settling - Danish Vikings in large parts of North and East England, Norwegian Vikings in Western Scotland + parts of Ireland | + | • Less raids, more settling - Danish Vikings in large parts of North and East England, Norwegian Vikings in Western Scotland + parts of Ireland => farms established => territorial conflict between inhabitants + newcomers, BUT no forced removal of Celts as the Anglo-Saxons have done |
− | • | + | • West Saxon kings undertook defense against the Danes, ex. Æthelwulf (recorded as a descendant of Seth, the son of biblical Adam) in 854 |
− | + | • Æthelwulf’s son Alfred the Great of Wessex (initiator of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'') stopped the advance of Danish Vikings at battle of Edington in 878 | |
− | |||
− | • Æthelwulf’s son Alfred the Great of Wessex (initiator of the | ||
• Peace under Treaty of Wedmore: | • Peace under Treaty of Wedmore: | ||
Řádek 34: | Řádek 32: | ||
2) The defeated Danish king of East Anglia Guthrum became Christian (= step towards assimilation of Viking conquerors) | 2) The defeated Danish king of East Anglia Guthrum became Christian (= step towards assimilation of Viking conquerors) | ||
− | • Æthelstan (Alfred’s grandson) helped the West Saxons reconquer territories in Danelaw and then whole England | + | • Æthelstan (Alfred’s grandson) helped the West Saxons reconquer territories in Danelaw and then in whole England |
• Settlements of Danes and Anglo-Saxons = relative proximity, similar ways of life, bilingualism | • Settlements of Danes and Anglo-Saxons = relative proximity, similar ways of life, bilingualism | ||
Řádek 48: | Řádek 46: | ||
'''Compare OE borrowings from Latin and ON. ''' | '''Compare OE borrowings from Latin and ON. ''' | ||
− | • Latin borrowings = mainly religious (bishop, Saturday etc) | + | • Latin borrowings = mainly religious (''bishop, Saturday etc'') |
• Borrowings/loan words from ON | • Borrowings/loan words from ON | ||
− | - War + maritime: ransaka “ransack”, dreng “warrior” | + | - War + maritime: ''ransaka'' “ransack”, ''dreng ''“warrior” |
− | - Legal + administration: laga “law”, hūsting “tribunal” | + | - Legal + administration:'' laga'' “law”, ''hūsting'' “tribunal” |
− | - Common verbs: get, want, call | + | - Common verbs: ''get, want, call'' |
− | - Bodily features: leg, freckles, skin | + | - Bodily features: ''leg, freckles, skin'' |
− | - Farm & animal terms: bull, egg, axletree | + | - Farm & animal terms:'' bull, egg, axletree'' |
− | - Life: birth, slaughter, die | + | - Life: ''birth, slaughter, die'' |
− | - Relations: sister, husband | + | - Relations: ''sister, husband'' |
− | • BUT ex. ON taka “take” replaced OE | + | • BUT ex. ON ''taka'' “take” replaced OE ''niman'', but “nim” = “nimble” (= stealing in PDE) |
• Most loan words adopted in OE do not appear in writing until ME | • Most loan words adopted in OE do not appear in writing until ME |
Verze z 10. 11. 2014, 14:30
1. Characterize the nature of Viking raids and Viking settlement in England.[1]
Viking raids (787+)
• Reasons for the Vikings leaving their home:
- over-population
- too few natural resources
- primogeniture system
• Nature of the raids = similar like the Anglo-Saxons'
- pillaging and burning of the coast + returning home with gold, silver, slaves etc.
- Monasteries sacked and manuscripts destroyed in Lindisfarne, Jarrow and Iona (793-795)
Viking settlement (850+)
• Less raids, more settling - Danish Vikings in large parts of North and East England, Norwegian Vikings in Western Scotland + parts of Ireland => farms established => territorial conflict between inhabitants + newcomers, BUT no forced removal of Celts as the Anglo-Saxons have done
• West Saxon kings undertook defense against the Danes, ex. Æthelwulf (recorded as a descendant of Seth, the son of biblical Adam) in 854
• Æthelwulf’s son Alfred the Great of Wessex (initiator of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) stopped the advance of Danish Vikings at battle of Edington in 878
• Peace under Treaty of Wedmore:
1) Stable boundary set between kingdom of Wessex and Danelaw (Northumbria, East Mercia & East Anglia)
2) The defeated Danish king of East Anglia Guthrum became Christian (= step towards assimilation of Viking conquerors)
• Æthelstan (Alfred’s grandson) helped the West Saxons reconquer territories in Danelaw and then in whole England
• Settlements of Danes and Anglo-Saxons = relative proximity, similar ways of life, bilingualism
• Eventual renewed attacks by the Danes => establishment of Danish king over all England: Sweyn Forkbeard
- Æthelstan put into exile
- His son Cnut (= king of Denmark and Norway) ended Danish raids, though not Danish claims to the throne
- Official language at court: English, x Danish
Compare OE borrowings from Latin and ON.
• Latin borrowings = mainly religious (bishop, Saturday etc)
• Borrowings/loan words from ON
- War + maritime: ransaka “ransack”, dreng “warrior”
- Legal + administration: laga “law”, hūsting “tribunal”
- Common verbs: get, want, call
- Bodily features: leg, freckles, skin
- Farm & animal terms: bull, egg, axletree
- Life: birth, slaughter, die
- Relations: sister, husband
• BUT ex. ON taka “take” replaced OE niman, but “nim” = “nimble” (= stealing in PDE)
• Most loan words adopted in OE do not appear in writing until ME
- Reason: lack of a literary tradition in Danelaw
4. Summarize the main syntactic changes during this period.[2]
- Mainly relative pronouns/particles
- Ϸe (that/who) used in OE for all antecedents regardless of case and number
- ON contributed to the use of relative particle as that came from Norse som
- As in the man as came yesterday (more common in northern English dialects)
- Zero relative appears
- As in the man I [zero] saw yesterday
- Was probably used even before the Viking invasions, but even though it is a rare construction it appears both in English and Danish, which is interesting
- The languages also share “preposition stranding”
- A construction where the preposition can be moved away from the relative
- E.g. a construction in which the relative is fronted X a construction which the relative is fronted in
- The languages also share “preposition stranding”
- Verb phrase
- In OE complex verb forms (such as the perfect, the progressive, the will-future, auxiliary do) were not common, but they are in ME
- It is debatable how much was their appearance in ME influenced by ON
- It might also be caused the disappearance of the West Saxon written standard under the Normans
- In either case it is also possible that it was influenced by the vernacular during the absence of a unified language form (whether in Danelaw or Norman England)
- In OE complex verb forms (such as the perfect, the progressive, the will-future, auxiliary do) were not common, but they are in ME
References