Zobrazení zdroje stránky Praguian Typology of Languages

* '''Language typology'''
* 
* '''Language types''' – clusters of language properties
* Usually typology follows the co-occurrence of two properties
* 
* The clusters of properties are hypothetical and extreme – in reality only stronger or weaker tensions of languages to the types
* 
* '''1) The isolating type''' – strong differentiation of sentence and word, weak differentiation between word, morpheme and seme
* a)Absence of affixes, lexical and grammatical words are present
* b)Connection between lexical and grammatical morphemes is regular 
* c)Phonemic / Semantic level of affixes – no affixes, semantic ambiguity of function words 
* d)Numerous function words  fixed word order 
* e)Many kinds of dependent word clauses – with conjunctions 
* 
* '''2)The inflectional type '''– strong differentiation of seme and morpheme, Latin, most of the Slavonic languages – Czech, Slovak 
* a)Different grammatical ending in each occurrence – inflection of nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, (numerals) 
* b)Each ending expresses various functions of the word – word classes (noun X adjective), subclasses (gender X case) 
* c)Endings also serve for derivations 
* d)Radical difference between derivational and inflectional affixes 
* e)Phonemic level – does not have to be a syllable of its own; Semantic level – one ending can express more functions and ambiguity is possible 
* f)Free word order depending on the existence of congruence 
* g)Word classes distinguished  space for many dependent clauses 
* 
* '''3)The polysynthetic type''' – the strongest differentiation of word and seme, Vietnamese, Thai, Ewe, written Chinese
* a)Lexical and function words – lexical can be also used as grammatical 
* b)No opposition between word classes 
* c)Word formation by composition 
* d)Phonemic / Semantic level – no affixes present, but ambiguity between lexical and grammatical words 
* e)Grammatical fixed word order 
* f)Dependent clauses are not present, realized by compositions 
* 
* '''4)The agglutinative type''' – combining more than one seme in a word– typical for Turkish, Hungarian, Finnish, Georgian, Basque
* a)Many affixes added to a word basis 
* b)These affixes express e.g. person, possession, adverbial values corresponding to prepositions and to subordinating conjunctions
* c)All affixes attached to all word bases – no word classes; affixes also used in word formation 
* d)Weakening of the opposition between derivational suffixes and inflectional endings 
* e)Phonemic level of affixes – often a syllable of its own; Semantic level – no ambiguity 
* f)No congruence – grammatically fixed word order 
* g)No word classes  No dependent clauses 
* 
* '''5) The introflexive type''' – Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew...) – always connected with syntax of another type 
* a) Interruption of a morpheme with a certain meaning (foot - feet) + infixes 
* b)Word classes distinguished by introflection 
* c)Derivation also by introflection 
* d)Phonemic level – lexical and grammatical means are phonemically distinguished 
* e)Free word order depending on the existence of congruence (but not that developed) 
* f)Word classes distinguished  space for many dependent clauses (not that developed) 
* 
* '''Mutual favourability '''-
* the tendency of various properties of language types to occur together in a certain language 
* e.g. grammatically fixed word order + paucity of inflectional affixes or alternations + abundance of function words in English; word classes division + congruence + free word order in Czech
* they can appear within one language type or across them 
* 
* '''Language construct'''
* an extreme hypothetical property in a language type, e.g. in the agglutinative type construct there would be only affixes, no derivations, no inflections

==== Mutual Favourability of Fixed Word Order and Arcitles ====

* The '''Isolating''' (Analytical) type of language, i.e. English, has, as one of its defining properties, an abundance of function words
* This fact leads to no need for many word endings because many of functions which in other types of languages might require a large amount of word endings are dealt with via '''grammatically fixed word order'''
* The abundance of function words, including a substantial amount of monosyllabic ones, leads to a heavy '''dependance on vowels to distinguish the words'''.
* That leads to a '''large amount of simple naming units''' which leads to conversion or word classes being commonplace as well with the lexicon being only weakly organized by means such as affixation.
* Another feature is occurence of prepositional cases and embedded clauses.
* Ultimately, infinitives and possessive constructions exhibit prepositions and '''articles have the form of function words'''

==== Inflection Suffices With a Single Ending X Agglutination Languages Require Several Affixes ====

* Agglutination grammatical '''affixes are not differentiated''' from the derivational ones
* Inflection languages have in their stem alterations implied '''accumulation of functions''' in their endings (which express case, number and gender or person, number, tense and mood)
* The accumulation of functions opens up possibilies for the '''inflection languages to convey the topic/focus articulation via word order as opposed to the agglutination languages'''

===== How is this reflected on phonetic level? =====

* Agglutination languages produce much longer '''polysyllabic words''' and thus their '''reliance on vowels''' is '''lower''' which leads to possibility of '''vowel harmony'''
* Inflection languages are more reliant on vowels than agglutination languages.

===== What is the typological relevance of grammatical gender? =====

* Genders are in agglutination languages absent as is congruence.
* Because of the functions of inflection languages' endings, the adjectives, which have their endings as well, express congruence via gender or other subclassification of nouns.