Middle English: the emergence of Standard English: Porovnání verzí
m Značka: editace z Vizuálního editoru |
m Značka: editace z Vizuálního editoru |
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| Řádek 9: | Řádek 9: | ||
* shift towards you = a sign of respect; sg. you used between equals x who uses though indicates his/her superiority → thou became more of an “insult”, you used more and more as a polite form | * shift towards you = a sign of respect; sg. you used between equals x who uses though indicates his/her superiority → thou became more of an “insult”, you used more and more as a polite form | ||
| − | ==== One ==== | + | ==== ''One'' ==== |
* emergence in 15th century | * emergence in 15th century | ||
* influenced by French on x on appears only as a subject, while earliest forms of ''one ''were non-nominal case → French probably not that important | * influenced by French on x on appears only as a subject, while earliest forms of ''one ''were non-nominal case → French probably not that important | ||
* (gradual loss of indefinite ''man ''– similarity to ''man ''“man” and the problems of agreement and anaphoric references → more suitable candidates for indefinite references (you, they, we, people) | * (gradual loss of indefinite ''man ''– similarity to ''man ''“man” and the problems of agreement and anaphoric references → more suitable candidates for indefinite references (you, they, we, people) | ||
| − | ==== Relative pronouns ==== | + | ==== ''Relative pronouns'' ==== |
* ''þat ''replaced by ''what ''(early ME) and by ''which ''(late ME) | * ''þat ''replaced by ''what ''(early ME) and by ''which ''(late ME) | ||
* ''that ''as non-restrictive probably began in ME, but were essential in ModE | * ''that ''as non-restrictive probably began in ME, but were essential in ModE | ||
| − | ==== Periphrastic structures ==== | + | ==== ''Periphrastic structures'' ==== |
* ME was the beginning of widespread phrasal/periphrastic structure | * ME was the beginning of widespread phrasal/periphrastic structure | ||
* occurred already in OE, but the auxiliary status was hard to determine | * occurred already in OE, but the auxiliary status was hard to determine | ||
| Řádek 24: | Řádek 24: | ||
* affected the progressive, the modal auxiliaries in place of the subjunctive and periphrastic do | * affected the progressive, the modal auxiliaries in place of the subjunctive and periphrastic do | ||
| − | ==== Word order ==== | + | ==== ''Word order'' ==== |
* most prominent change was gradual move from accusative object before verb to accusative object after the verb (by 1500 98% of accusative objects are after verb) | * most prominent change was gradual move from accusative object before verb to accusative object after the verb (by 1500 98% of accusative objects are after verb) | ||
Verze z 23. 2. 2015, 15:12
Obsah
3) Name the innovations of the late ME period in the pronominal system, in the system expressing verbal categories and in the word order.
Pronominal system
You singular
- started to by used instead of thou
- due to French influence (upper class and bureaucrats) x sg. vous more consistent
- sg. you used for pagan deities x thou for Christian God
- shift towards you = a sign of respect; sg. you used between equals x who uses though indicates his/her superiority → thou became more of an “insult”, you used more and more as a polite form
One
- emergence in 15th century
- influenced by French on x on appears only as a subject, while earliest forms of one were non-nominal case → French probably not that important
- (gradual loss of indefinite man – similarity to man “man” and the problems of agreement and anaphoric references → more suitable candidates for indefinite references (you, they, we, people)
Relative pronouns
- þat replaced by what (early ME) and by which (late ME)
- that as non-restrictive probably began in ME, but were essential in ModE
Periphrastic structures
- ME was the beginning of widespread phrasal/periphrastic structure
- occurred already in OE, but the auxiliary status was hard to determine
- two words (auxiliary have and also be combined with past participle) took over the function of a single word with and inflectional ending
- affected the progressive, the modal auxiliaries in place of the subjunctive and periphrastic do
Word order
- most prominent change was gradual move from accusative object before verb to accusative object after the verb (by 1500 98% of accusative objects are after verb)
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