Middle English: the emergence of Standard English: Porovnání verzí
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− | == '''3) Name the innovations of the late ME period in the pronominal system, in the system expressing verbal categories and in the word order.''' | + | == '''3) Name the innovations of the late ME period in the pronominal system, in the system expressing verbal categories and in the word order.''' == |
=== Pronominal system === | === Pronominal system === |
Verze z 23. 2. 2015, 15:18
Obsah
3) Name the innovations of the late ME period in the pronominal system, in the system expressing verbal categories and in the word order.
Pronominal system
You singular
- started to by used instead of thou
- due to French influence (upper class and bureaucrats) x sg. vous more consistent
- sg. you used for pagan deities x thou for Christian God
- shift towards you = a sign of respect; sg. you used between equals x who uses though indicates his/her superiority → thou became more of an “insult”, you used more and more as a polite form
One
- emergence in 15th century
- influenced by French on x on appears only as a subject, while earliest forms of one were non-nominal case → French probably not that important
- (gradual loss of indefinite man – similarity to man “man” and the problems of agreement and anaphoric references → more suitable candidates for indefinite references (you, they, we, people)
Relative pronouns
- þat replaced by what (early ME) and by which (late ME)
- that as non-restrictive probably began in ME, but were essential in ModE
Periphrastic structures
- ME was the beginning of widespread phrasal/periphrastic structure
- occurred already in OE, but the auxiliary status was hard to determine
- two words (auxiliary have and also be combined with past participle) took over the function of a single word with and inflectional ending
- affected the progressive, the modal auxiliaries in place of the subjunctive and periphrastic do
Word order
- most prominent change was gradual move from accusative object before verb to accusative object after the verb (by 1500 98% of accusative objects are after verb)