12. Modern English: Porovnání verzí

Aktuální verze z 24. 4. 2017, 09:48

1. Explain the nature of the so called composite predicates and consider the nature of the argument that “these constructions have legitimate uses” (p. 408).

Composite Predicates

- are predicates which consist of a quasi-auxiliary in a combination with a noun that has been formed from a verb

- quasi-auxiliaries = verbs of general meaning, such as “do, have, make, give, take”

- composite predicates can replace simple verbs

- some typical replacements are:

- give a call, make a call (instead of just call)

- have a look, take a look (instead of just look)

- give approval

- take care

- pay attention

- make reference to

- draw a conclusion from

- make an assumption

- there are some dialect differences in the use of composite predicates

- e. g. British speakers say “have a seat” while North American speakers say “take a seat”; similarly, British speakers say “make a study” and North American speakers say “do a study”

- Purists often disapprove of composite predicates: they claim they are “needlessly wordy” and they feel that they are less active, because the action is expressed by a noun rather than by a verb

- these constructions have legitimate uses, for example in uses allowing modification: we can say “take a long bath” but we cannot say “*bathe longly”

- this development is consistent with the increasing analyticity of the English language; it is also the same with phrasal verbs because both phrasal verbs and composite predicates consist of a phrase rather than a single form, which is a sign of the analyticity in the language

@@ Řádek 1: / Řádek 1: @@
-'''Composite Predicates'''
-The so-called composite predicates consist of a quasi-auxiliary (also called a light verb)—that is, a verb of general meaning such as do, have, make, draw, give, and take— in combination with a noun that has been formed from a verb. Below are some typical replacements:¨
+'''1. Explain the nature of the so called composite predicates and consider the nature of the argument that “these constructions have legitimate uses” (p. 408). '''
-Call - give a call, make a call
+Composite Predicates
-Look - have a look, take a look
-Try- have a try
+- are predicates which consist of a quasi-auxiliary in a combination with a noun that has been formed from a verb
-Approve - give approval
+- quasi-auxiliaries = verbs of general meaning, such as “do, have, make, give, take”
-Attend- pay attention
+- composite predicates can replace simple verbs
-Conclude - draw a conclusion from
+- some typical replacements are:
-assume - make an assumption
+- give a call, make a call (instead of just call)
-(Note that there are some dialect differences in the use of composite predicates; thus, British speakers say have a seat and make a study while North American speakers say take a seat and do a study)
+- have a look, take a look (instead of just look)
-Purists often disapprove of composite predicates, which they claim are needlessly wordy and feel are less ‘active’ because the action is expressed by a noun rather than a verb. However, these constructions have legitimate uses such as allowing modification (e.g. one can say take a long bath but not *bathe longly). Especially considering the modification, we must disagree with the purists, as there are some instances, where a construction without the use of a composite predicate is either impossible or even wordier (e.g. take a warm bath = ?bath warmly? = bathe in warm water). This construction might also be potentially beneficial to language learners, as it allows for countless construction with a knowledge of only a few verbs.
-Historically, the compound predicates were always available in English, but they were much less productive. But semantically, the same set of verbs has always been used (do, have, make, draw, give, and take – don, habban, niman, sellan, macian. As they developed composite predicates began to be associated with the telic aspect that is that the situation is being perspectivized as an accomplishment or achievement as in take a walk vs. walk. This aspectual function is more noticeable with composite predicates introduced by have whereas main verb have is typically stative, “light verb” have is often not, especially if the deverbal noun originates in a process verb e.g. have a dance.
-Finally, we can also see composite predicates as falling into two categories: those formed by light verbs : do, have, make, draw, give, and take and those using a more specific verbs: raise an objection, lose sight. Former are productive and form an important part of the aspectual system of English and are gramaticalized, latter are not.
+- give approval
-WORKS USED
+- take care
-Brinton, Laurel J., Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Lexicalization and Language Change: Research Surveys in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
+- pay attention
-Brinton, Laurel J., Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford University Press, 2011
+- make reference to
+- draw a conclusion from
+- make an assumption
+- there are some dialect differences in the use of composite predicates
+- e. g. British speakers say “have a seat” while North American speakers say “take a seat”; similarly, British speakers say “make a study” and North  American speakers say “do a study”
+- Purists often disapprove of composite predicates: they claim they are “needlessly wordy” and they feel that they are  less active, because the action is expressed by a noun rather than by a verb
+- these constructions have legitimate uses, for example in uses allowing modification: we can say  “take a long bath” but we cannot say “*bathe longly”
+- this development is consistent with the increasing analyticity of the English language; it is also the same with phrasal verbs because both phrasal verbs  and composite predicates consist of a phrase rather than a single form, which is a sign of the analyticity in the language