The Early Modern English Period

5. The Great Vowel Shift ^[1]

mismatch between spelling and pronunciation: begun in ME, spelling fixed by early XVI century, but the sound kept changing).
change of quality of all long vowels (stressed syllables)
standardization of the language: synthetic -> analytic
most significant of all phonological developments in English
change in pronunciaion of verb tense^[2]

6. What kind of social relationship does the usage of singular you and thou reflect in Elizabethan society?

used to express power relations
thou becoming an exceptional form
you used in order to show respect (everyone regarded due to his/her social status)
- children addressing their parent as you and being addressed as thou
Bruti: use of you/thou based on social distance and emotional attitude
- inferiors addressed as thou, equals as you/thou and superiors as you
- anger/contempt or familiarity/intimacy expressed by the use of thou, neutrality/indifference with you

7. Explain the terms:

koineization is dialect levelling due to the dialect contact
prescriptivism is "a view of language which is largely motivated by the move to define what is 'correct' and to condenm what is, consequently, 'incorrect'."^[3]
codification is the process of standardasing and developing a norm
hard words (inkhorn terms) — a derogatory way to refer to the new words which have Latin origin, hence their meaning is opaque

↑ GRAMLEY STEPHAN. The history of English: an introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, 123-154 pp.

↑ glottopedia.org