Praguian Typology of Languages: Porovnání verzí

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==== Mutual Favourability of Fixed Word Order and Arcitles ====
 
==== Mutual Favourability of Fixed Word Order and Arcitles ====
  
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* '''Language typology'''
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*
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* '''Language types''' – clusters of language properties
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* Usually typology follows the co-occurrence of two properties
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*
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* The clusters of properties are hypothetical and extreme – in reality only stronger or weaker tensions of languages to the types
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*
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* '''1) The isolating type''' – strong differentiation of sentence and word, weak differentiation between word, morpheme and seme
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* a)Absence of affixes, lexical and grammatical words are present
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* b)Connection between lexical and grammatical morphemes is regular
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* c)Phonemic / Semantic level of affixes – no affixes, semantic ambiguity of function words
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* d)Numerous function words  fixed word order
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* e)Many kinds of dependent word clauses – with conjunctions
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*
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* '''2)The inflectional type '''– strong differentiation of seme and morpheme, Latin, most of the Slavonic languages – Czech, Slovak
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* a)Different grammatical ending in each occurrence – inflection of nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, (numerals)
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* b)Each ending expresses various functions of the word – word classes (noun X adjective), subclasses (gender X case)
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* c)Endings also serve for derivations
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* d)Radical difference between derivational and inflectional affixes
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* e)Phonemic level – does not have to be a syllable of its own; Semantic level – one ending can express more functions and ambiguity is possible
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* f)Free word order depending on the existence of congruence
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* g)Word classes distinguished  space for many dependent clauses
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*
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* '''3)The polysynthetic type''' – the strongest differentiation of word and seme, Vietnamese, Thai, Ewe, written Chinese
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* a)Lexical and function words – lexical can be also used as grammatical
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* b)No opposition between word classes
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* c)Word formation by composition
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* d)Phonemic / Semantic level – no affixes present, but ambiguity between lexical and grammatical words
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* e)Grammatical fixed word order
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* f)Dependent clauses are not present, realized by compositions
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*
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* '''4)The agglutinative type''' – combining more than one seme in a word– typical for Turkish, Hungarian, Finnish, Georgian, Basque
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* a)Many affixes added to a word basis
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* b)These affixes express e.g. person, possession, adverbial values corresponding to prepositions and to subordinating conjunctions
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* c)All affixes attached to all word bases – no word classes; affixes also used in word formation
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* d)Weakening of the opposition between derivational suffixes and inflectional endings
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* e)Phonemic level of affixes – often a syllable of its own; Semantic level – no ambiguity
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* f)No congruence – grammatically fixed word order
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* g)No word classes  No dependent clauses
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*
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* '''5) The introflexive type''' – Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew...) – always connected with syntax of another type
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* a) Interruption of a morpheme with a certain meaning (foot - feet) + infixes
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* b)Word classes distinguished by introflection
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* c)Derivation also by introflection
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* d)Phonemic level – lexical and grammatical means are phonemically distinguished
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* e)Free word order depending on the existence of congruence (but not that developed)
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* f)Word classes distinguished  space for many dependent clauses (not that developed)
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*
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* '''Mutual favourability '''-
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* the tendency of various properties of language types to occur together in a certain language
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* e.g. grammatically fixed word order + paucity of inflectional affixes or alternations + abundance of function words in English; word classes division + congruence + free word order in Czech
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* they can appear within one language type or across them
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*
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* '''Language construct'''
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* an extreme hypothetical property in a language type, e.g. in the agglutinative type construct there would be only affixes, no derivations, no inflections
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*
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*
 
* The '''Isolating''' (Analytical) type of language, i.e. English, has, as one of its defining properties, an abundance of function words
 
* The '''Isolating''' (Analytical) type of language, i.e. English, has, as one of its defining properties, an abundance of function words
 
* This fact leads to no need for many word endings because many of functions which in other types of languages might require a large amount of word endings are dealt with via '''grammatically fixed word order'''
 
* This fact leads to no need for many word endings because many of functions which in other types of languages might require a large amount of word endings are dealt with via '''grammatically fixed word order'''

Verze z 29. 10. 2014, 15:50

Mutual Favourability of Fixed Word Order and Arcitles

  • Language typology
  • Language types – clusters of language properties
  • Usually typology follows the co-occurrence of two properties
  • The clusters of properties are hypothetical and extreme – in reality only stronger or weaker tensions of languages to the types
  • 1) The isolating type – strong differentiation of sentence and word, weak differentiation between word, morpheme and seme
  • a)Absence of affixes, lexical and grammatical words are present
  • b)Connection between lexical and grammatical morphemes is regular
  • c)Phonemic / Semantic level of affixes – no affixes, semantic ambiguity of function words
  • d)Numerous function words  fixed word order
  • e)Many kinds of dependent word clauses – with conjunctions
  • 2)The inflectional type – strong differentiation of seme and morpheme, Latin, most of the Slavonic languages – Czech, Slovak
  • a)Different grammatical ending in each occurrence – inflection of nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, (numerals)
  • b)Each ending expresses various functions of the word – word classes (noun X adjective), subclasses (gender X case)
  • c)Endings also serve for derivations
  • d)Radical difference between derivational and inflectional affixes
  • e)Phonemic level – does not have to be a syllable of its own; Semantic level – one ending can express more functions and ambiguity is possible
  • f)Free word order depending on the existence of congruence
  • g)Word classes distinguished  space for many dependent clauses
  • 3)The polysynthetic type – the strongest differentiation of word and seme, Vietnamese, Thai, Ewe, written Chinese
  • a)Lexical and function words – lexical can be also used as grammatical
  • b)No opposition between word classes
  • c)Word formation by composition
  • d)Phonemic / Semantic level – no affixes present, but ambiguity between lexical and grammatical words
  • e)Grammatical fixed word order
  • f)Dependent clauses are not present, realized by compositions
  • 4)The agglutinative type – combining more than one seme in a word– typical for Turkish, Hungarian, Finnish, Georgian, Basque
  • a)Many affixes added to a word basis
  • b)These affixes express e.g. person, possession, adverbial values corresponding to prepositions and to subordinating conjunctions
  • c)All affixes attached to all word bases – no word classes; affixes also used in word formation
  • d)Weakening of the opposition between derivational suffixes and inflectional endings
  • e)Phonemic level of affixes – often a syllable of its own; Semantic level – no ambiguity
  • f)No congruence – grammatically fixed word order
  • g)No word classes  No dependent clauses
  • 5) The introflexive type – Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew...) – always connected with syntax of another type
  • a) Interruption of a morpheme with a certain meaning (foot - feet) + infixes
  • b)Word classes distinguished by introflection
  • c)Derivation also by introflection
  • d)Phonemic level – lexical and grammatical means are phonemically distinguished
  • e)Free word order depending on the existence of congruence (but not that developed)
  • f)Word classes distinguished  space for many dependent clauses (not that developed)
  • Mutual favourability -
  • the tendency of various properties of language types to occur together in a certain language
  • e.g. grammatically fixed word order + paucity of inflectional affixes or alternations + abundance of function words in English; word classes division + congruence + free word order in Czech
  • they can appear within one language type or across them
  • Language construct
  • an extreme hypothetical property in a language type, e.g. in the agglutinative type construct there would be only affixes, no derivations, no inflections
  • The Isolating (Analytical) type of language, i.e. English, has, as one of its defining properties, an abundance of function words
  • This fact leads to no need for many word endings because many of functions which in other types of languages might require a large amount of word endings are dealt with via grammatically fixed word order
  • The abundance of function words, including a substantial amount of monosyllabic ones, leads to a heavy dependance on vowels to distinguish the words.
  • That leads to a large amount of simple naming units which leads to conversion or word classes being commonplace as well with the lexicon being only weakly organized by means such as affixation.
  • Another feature is occurence of prepositional cases and embedded clauses.
  • Ultimately, infinitives and possessive constructions exhibit prepositions and articles have the form of function words

Inflection Suffices With a Single Ending X Agglutination Languages Require Several Affixes

  • Agglutination grammatical affixes are not differentiated from the derivational ones
  • Inflection languages have in their stem alterations implied accumulation of functions in their endings (which express case, number and gender or person, number, tense and mood)
  • The accumulation of functions opens up possibilies for the inflection languages to convey the topic/focus articulation via word order as opposed to the agglutination languages
How is this reflected on phonetic level?
  • Agglutination languages produce much longer polysyllabic words and thus their reliance on vowels is lower which leads to possibility of vowel harmony
  • Inflection languages are more reliant on vowels than agglutination languages.
What is the typological relevance of grammatical gender?
  • Genders are in agglutination languages absent as is congruence.
  • Because of the functions of inflection endings the adjectives, which have their endings as well, express congruence as well as gender.